Iraq's hydrocarbon crisis demands integrated remediation solutions Krisis hidrokarbon Irak menuntut solusi remediasi terpadu
*(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in Iraq’s oil-bearing areas significantly impacts the environment and public health. This study reviews contamination sources, such as oil spills and industrial disposal, and outlines the identification and quantification methods using GC-MS and FTIR. Various remediation strategies, including bioremediation, phytoremediation, chemical oxidation, thermal remediation, and physical removal, are discussed. The review highlights challenges in implementation due to technological, financial, regulatory, and community engagement issues. An integrated adaptive management approach is recommended to mitigate risks and ensure sustainable development of Iraq’s oil sector.
Highlight:
- Hydrocarbon identification and quantification using GC-MS and FTIR.
- Combined remediation: bioremediation, phytoremediation, chemical oxidation, thermal remediation, physical removal.
- Challenges: technological, financial, regulatory, and community engagement issues.
Keyword: Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination, Iraq, GC-MS, FTIR, remediation strategies
References
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[3] E. Okoh, Z. R. Yelebe, B. Oruabena, E. S. Nelson, and O. P. Indiamaowei, "Clean-Up of Crude Oil-Contaminated Soils: Bioremediation Option," International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 1185-1198, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s13762-019-02605-y.
[4] S. Arab and R. Mohammed, "The Effect of Groundwater Petroleum Hydrocarbons Contaminants on Chlorine Removal in Basra City (South of Iraq): An Application of Mixed Technology of Permeable Reactive Barrier," 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-effect-of-groundwater-petroleum-hydrocarbons-on-Arab-Mohammed/bd515028d1381a9a3f4c908c09710fb720a00507
[5] L. I. Ibrahim and A. Adnan, "Measuring Pollution Based on Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Total Organic Carbon in Tigris River, Maysan Province, Southern Iraq," 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Measuring-pollution-based-on-total-petroleum-and-in-Ibrahim-Adnan/efb4d188d717f235565ba2882004d7df0ecf915a
[6] I. A. Al-Gizzi, I. A. Qzar, and S. A. Al-Kinany, "Monitoring of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) in the Sediments of Some Local Regions of Southern Iraq," Mesopotamian Journal of Marine Science, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 88-95, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.58629/mjms.v36i2.249.
[7] A. H. Al-Obaidy, R. Al-Anbari, and S. Hassan, "Reducing Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon from Soil Polluted with Iraqi Crude Oil by Phytoremediation Technology," Majallat Al-Handasat Wa-Al-Tiknulujiya, vol. 37, no. 1C, pp. 19-21, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.30684/etj.37.1c.4.
[8] S. Uddin, S. W. Fowler, T. Saeed, B. Jupp, and M. Faizuddin, "Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollution in Sediments from the Gulf and Omani Waters: Status and Review," Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 173, p. 112913, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112913.
[9] M. A. Resen, H. K. Abdulhassan, and H. Al-Saad, "Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil of Different Oil Fields at Basrah Governorate, Iraq," 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Total-Petroleum-Hydrocarbons-in-Soil-of-Different-Resen-Abdulhassan/7ad3cfc0d6add819c7d9cebd5ad00c1e50633a5c
[10] D. Karem, S. M. Saleh, F. Jabbar, and H. T. Al-Saad, "Distribution of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) in Sediments of Southern Iraqi Rivers," ResearchGate, Sep. 2023, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/Distribution_of_Total_Petroleum_Hydrocarbons_TPHs_in_Sediments_of_Southern_Iraqi_Rivers
[11] S. A. Al-Qadir, A. Al-Ali, and B. Soltan, "Monitoring Soil Contamination by Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals in Parts of Basra Southern Iraq Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques," Iraqi Geological Journal, vol. 56, no. 1D, pp. 29-42, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.46717/igj.56.1d.3ms-2023-4-12.
[12] E. M. Aboud, A. A. Burghal, and A. H. Laftah, "Genetic Identification of Hydrocarbons Degrading Bacteria Isolated from Oily Sludge and Petroleum-Contaminated Soil in Basrah City, Iraq," 2021.
[13] S. Ahmed, K. Kumari, and D. Singh, "Different Strategies and Bio-Removal Mechanisms of Petroleum Hydrocarbons from Contaminated Sites," Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1108/agjsr-09-2022-0172.
[14] M. S. Almutairi, "Determination of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) in Weathered Oil Contaminated Soil," 2021.
[15] H. M. Mekkiyah, Y. A. J. Al-Hamadani, A. Abdulhameed, A. Resheq, and Z. Mohammed, "Effect of Crude Oil on the Geotechnical Properties of Various Soils and the Developed Remediation Methods," 2023
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