Angelene Vivian Gunawan (1), Dhela Oktasheli (2), Vebby Vretania (3), Meti Nurhalisah (4), Johanes Pratomo Andri (5), Franciscus Xaverius Wartoyo (6)
General Background: Digital public services require comprehensive legal safeguards to protect personal information and maintain institutional accountability. Specific Background: The reported 2021 BPJS Kesehatan data breach involving approximately 279 million participant records exposed vulnerabilities in Indonesia's public sector data governance and raised questions regarding institutional responsibility. Knowledge Gap: Despite the enactment of Law Number 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection, regulatory fragmentation and the absence of an independent supervisory authority present unresolved challenges for implementation and enforcement. Aims: This study examines legal politics in public policymaking, personal data protection mechanisms, BPJS Kesehatan's legal responsibilities, and the implementation of Indonesia's Personal Data Protection Law. A normative juridical approach was employed through statutory analysis, case examination, and descriptive analysis of secondary legal materials. Results: The findings indicate that legal politics guides legislative development and enforcement, while earlier fragmented regulations limited the available mechanisms for institutional accountability. The Personal Data Protection Law establishes a more comprehensive legal framework, but its implementation remains constrained by supervisory and institutional shortcomings. Novelty: This study integrates legal politics, institutional accountability, and regulatory implementation within an examination of personal data governance following the BPJS Kesehatan breach. Implications: Establishing independent supervision, strengthening security audits and encryption, developing incident response procedures, and aligning related digital governance regulations are essential priorities for protecting sensitive public information.
Highlights:
Earlier fragmented regulations limited institutional accountability mechanisms.
The 2022 legislation provides a more comprehensive legal framework.
Independent supervision remains a critical requirement for consistent enforcement.
Keywords: Legal Politics, Public Policy, Personal Data Protection, BPJS Kesehatan.
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