Novita Prabandari (1), Fx. Wahyu Widiantoro (2)
General Background: Divorce during early adulthood can generate substantial psychological, social, and economic challenges because this life stage involves identity formation, financial independence, and the development of stable intimate relationships. Specific Background: The study examined post-divorce experiences among individuals aged 26–30 who faced emotional distress, social stigma, economic pressure, identity disruption, and changing family responsibilities after marital separation. Knowledge Gap: Although divorce has been widely discussed, limited qualitative attention has been given to how early adults interpret lived experiences and construct adjustment strategies after divorce. Aims: This study aimed to explore post-divorce experiences and adjustment strategies among early adults through an interpretive phenomenological perspective. Results: The findings showed that all participants experienced sadness, anger, disappointment, loss, and psychological distress in the initial post-divorce period. Social stigma associated with being a young widow affected self-esteem and social engagement, while economic demands created both financial autonomy and added burdens, especially for participants with children. Participants who used adaptive strategies, including work focus, spirituality, physical activity, financial independence, counseling, and active social support, demonstrated more stable recovery, whereas passive or maladaptive strategies were linked to slower or fluctuating adjustment. Novelty: The study identifies post-divorce adjustment as a dynamic process shaped by emotional regulation, social support, economic conditions, children, stigma, and identity reconstruction. Implications: The findings indicate the need for comprehensive psychological assistance that integrates counseling, social support strengthening, financial guidance, emotional regulation, and identity reconstruction for early adults after divorce.
Highlights:
Keywords: Divorce, Early Adulthood, Self-Adjustment, Phenomenology, Coping Strategies, Social Support
The increase in divorce rates among young adults in Indonesia has become a fairly significant phenomenon in recent years. The majority of divorce cases in Indonesia are categorized as cerai gugat (divorce petitions filed by wives), indicating that more women are now willing to take legal action to end their marriages [1]. This shift can be viewed as a reflection of changing gender roles, where women now have greater access to legal pathways and are increasingly empowered to make decisions regarding marriages that no longer provide psychological and social well-being [2]. One area that reflects this pattern is Sleman Regency in Yogyakarta, where records from the Religious Court show comparatively high divorce rates. The reasons behind these divorces are diverse, with key contributors including marital disputes, economic instability, and a lack of psychological readiness among couples who enter marriage at a young age.[3].
Between the ages of 20 and 30, individuals are in a developmental stage known as Emerging Adulthood, characterized by identity exploration and the search for long-term life direction [4]. Divorce that occurs during early adulthood can interfere with the ongoing process of identity formation and may also influence an individual’s career development and emotional balance [5]. Individuals who experience divorce at a relatively young age often report various psychological consequences, including a deep sense of loss, heightened anxiety, and difficulties in restoring trust both toward themselves and toward others around them [6].
From a societal standpoint, marriage in Indonesia is still viewed as a deeply respected and sacred institution. Consequently, divorce—especially among young people—is often linked to social stigma, which can impose further pressure on those who go through it. [7]. In addition to social challenges, divorce may also bring economic difficulties. Individuals who are still in the early stages of building their careers or establishing financial independence often face greater economic vulnerability after a marital separation [8].
The process of adjusting after divorce involves several key dimensions, including accepting the new reality, managing emotional responses in constructive ways, and redefining life goals in accordance with changed circumstances. This adjustment is often supported by multiple factors, such as strong social support networks, increased engagement in religious or spiritual activities, professional development, and efforts toward personal growth [9]. Despite the growing body of research on divorce, studies that specifically examine the lived experiences of individuals after divorce particularly those conducted in Sleman Regency using a qualitative perspective—remain relatively limited.
Therefore, this study seeks to explore more deeply the experiences and adjustment strategies of young adults who have undergone divorce in Sleman Regency through a phenomenological approach. It is expected that this research will contribute significantly to the field of developmental psychology and serve as a foundation for developing more effective psychological assistance and intervention programs for young individuals after divorce [10].
Comprehending how young adults adjust after divorce is essential, given the multifaceted challenges they encounter when navigating major life transitions. During this period, individuals must cope not only with internal personal changes but also with social expectations and cultural pressures that can further complicate life after divorce. [11]. Therefore, it is crucial to explore how young individuals manage these transitions in a healthy and constructive way from psychological, social, and economic viewpoints. This study seeks to examine how individuals cultivate coping strategies, adapt to new social roles, and utilize available resources—such as support from family, friends, or community institutions—to help them navigate the difficult period after divorce.[12].
In addition, advancements in information technology and wider access to psychological resources may also serve as important supportive elements in the adjustment process. Digital platforms, including the internet and social media, have increasingly been used by individuals as spaces to seek information, emotional encouragement, and shared experiences with others who have faced similar circumstances [13]. Nevertheless, while these platforms can offer certain benefits, they may also expose individuals to negative responses or criticism that could potentially worsen emotional distress. Consequently, individuals need to approach the use of technology thoughtfully and selectively so that it functions as a supportive tool for maintaining mental well-being.
Cultural context also has a significant influence on how individuals adjust following divorce. Although public attitudes toward divorce in Indonesia have gradually evolved, traditional values and conservative viewpoints can still heighten the psychological burden faced by those undergoing marital separation. Social stigma may intensify feelings of shame, isolation, and emotional distress, which in turn can further impact the mental well-being of young adults experiencing divorce. [14]. In light of this, the present study aims not only to explore the impact of divorce itself but also to examine how social stigma influences the adjustment process and how individuals attempt to overcome these challenges.
Ultimately, this research aims to provide a deeper understanding of how individuals experience and manage life after divorce while also identifying the key factors that contribute to successful or unsuccessful adjustment. The findings are expected to offer useful insights for psychology practitioners, counselors, and policymakers in designing more appropriate and effective intervention strategies to assist young adults in dealing with the psychological and social consequences of divorce and in rebuilding a more positive future [15].
As part of the adjustment process, internal factors such as individuals’ ability to regulate emotions also play a crucial role in determining how successfully they cope with post-divorce challenges. During young adulthood, individuals are in a developmental stage marked by identity exploration and the consolidation of the self; thus, divorce can serve as a formative event while also potentially interrupting this process. Previous research suggests that individuals at this stage are especially vulnerable to emotional disturbances when faced with major life transitions. Such conditions may hinder the development of a stable and coherent sense of identity. In this context, psychological capacities—particularly the ability to regulate emotions effectively and to reconstruct personal meaning from life experiences—are essential in helping individuals restore psychological balance after divorce. [16].
Furthermore, the adjustment strategies individuals adopt after divorce frequently entail shifts in their mindset and attitudes toward marriage. Some may come to view the institution more skeptically, while others interpret the experience as a meaningful life lesson that fosters personal growth and enhances their ability to form relationships in the future.[17]. Although this process is subjective, it has long-term implications for how individuals perceive interpersonal relationships and the quality of their future relationships. Further research on how individuals interpret and reflect upon their divorce experiences is therefore essential to identify effective adjustment patterns and to help design appropriate intervention programs [18].
Within the social context, patterns of interaction after divorce also contribute significantly to the overall adjustment process. Although societal views toward divorce in Indonesia have gradually become more open, many individuals continue to face considerable social expectations and pressure from family members as well as their surrounding community. Such pressures may shape the way individuals regulate their emotions and engage in social relationships, which can ultimately influence their capacity to adapt to life following marital separation [19]. Therefore, it is important to understand the extent to which social support from family, friends, and religious institutions or other communities can contribute positively to the adjustment process. This study will explore how such social support is utilized and how it helps individuals overcome the challenges they face after divorce.
Moreover, the growth of spirituality represents a significant element in post-divorce adjustment. Within the Indonesian context, many individuals rely on religious beliefs and spiritual practices as sources of comfort and psychological resilience when facing emotionally demanding life events. Spirituality often offers a sense of purpose, tranquility, and emotional support during times of personal crisis. Prior research indicates that religiosity can serve as a key resilience factor, enabling individuals to cope with stress and navigate challenging life transitions more effectively. Therefore, the spiritual dimension should also be considered when developing support systems intended to promote recovery and adjustment among those who have experienced divorce.[20].
This study aims to investigate various dimensions of post-divorce adjustment among young adults, encompassing psychological, social, economic, and spiritual aspects. By analyzing these interrelated factors, the research seeks to provide a more in-depth understanding of the processes that influence how young individuals adapt after divorce. The findings are expected to yield meaningful insights for developing comprehensive intervention strategies that address the diverse needs of those navigating the early stages of post-divorce life. Additionally, the results may contribute to policy development and support programs designed to assist young adults in transitioning to subsequent life phases with greater emotional stability, resilience, and overall well-being. [21].
This study employs a qualitative approach using an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) design. This approach was selected because it provides a deep understanding of individuals’ subjective experiences, particularly in facing divorce and the meanings they attribute to life changes after divorce [22]. Through this approach, researchers can deeply explore the internal processes experienced by individuals in managing their feelings and self-adjustments, both psychologically, socially, and practically [23]. Through this approach, researchers can explore in depth the internal processes experienced by individuals in managing their emotions and adjusting themselves psychologically, socially, and practically [10]. The main focus of this study is post-divorce adjustment, taking into account factors such as emotional experiences, social support, coping mechanisms, and practical life aspects that influence their adaptation.
This research uses a qualitative approach that focuses on an in-depth understanding of individuals’ experiences in adjusting to life after divorce. Qualitative research is oriented toward exploring meaning, subjective experiences, and the dynamics of processes experienced by participants holistically. Post-divorce adjustment is understood as the process of individual adaptation to life changes following divorce. This process encompasses several key components: emotional, social, and practical adjustment. Emotional adjustment pertains to an individual’s capacity to regulate affective responses such as sadness, anger, anxiety, and guilt that may emerge following divorce. [11]. Social adjustment concerns an individual’s capacity to reestablish and maintain relationships with family, friends, and the wider social environment. Practical adjustment refers to one’s ability to effectively manage changes in daily life, including handling financial responsibilities, sustaining employment, and fulfilling household duties. This aspect of adjustment reflects how successfully individuals restructure their routines and assume new roles after major life transitions. [25].
Moreover, the process of post-divorce adjustment is shaped by a complex interplay of factors that are closely interrelated. Key elements include the individual’s emotional responses, the presence and effectiveness of social support networks, and the coping strategies employed to navigate the pressures and transitions associated with significant life changes. Understanding how these components interact is essential for comprehending the multifaceted nature of adaptation following divorce. [26]. Adequate social support is known to contribute to improved adaptive capacity, while adaptive coping strategies help individuals manage stress more effectively [27]. Therefore, this study emphasizes a comprehensive understanding of post-divorce adjustment as a dynamic and contextual process, without classifying these elements into independent and dependent variables as commonly done in quantitative approaches.
Post-divorce adjustment encompasses the process through which individuals adapt to life changes across psychological, social, and practical domains following a marital separation [28]. Emotional experiences refer to the range of feelings encountered during and after the divorce, including sadness, anger, anxiety, and other fluctuations in emotional states. Social support involves the guidance, assistance, and interactions provided by family members, friends, or professional counselors that facilitate adaptation to post-divorce life [29]. Coping mechanisms refer to the range of strategies individuals use to handle stress and adapt to life transitions, whether by drawing on external support or through internal emotional regulation. Finally, practical life aspects involve adjustments in financial management, employment, and everyday routines, all of which are essential in influencing overall well-being after divorce.[30].
This study uses a qualitative approach with an interpretive phenomenological design. This approach was chosen because it allows researchers to explore individuals’ personal experiences in depth and interpret the meanings they assign to their divorce experiences and the life changes that follow [31]. By applying the IPA approach, this research can comprehensively understand the psychological, social, and practical processes experienced by individuals after divorce, as well as how internal and external factors influence their adaptation process [32]. This approach is highly relevant for addressing research questions related to the subjective experiences of individuals aged 20 to 30 years, which represents an important developmental stage in life.
This study was conducted in Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, selected because of its comparatively high divorce rates among young adults and the important role of local cultural norms in shaping perceptions and adjustment strategies after divorce. A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit four participants who met predetermined inclusion criteria. To qualify, participants had to reside in Sleman Regency, be aged between 20 and 30 at the time of their divorce, and have been divorced for at least six months. Moreover, they were required to be willing to share detailed and honest accounts of their post-divorce adjustment experiences.
Data were collected through in-depth interviews, with each participant taking part in two to three sessions lasting roughly 60 to 90 minutes each. The interviews were guided by a structured protocol consisting of several stages:
1. Opening phase: building rapport with participants and explaining the purpose of the study.
2. First core phase: investigating participants’ emotional and psychological experiences after divorce.
3. Second core phase: analyzing the coping strategies and the social as well as financial adjustments adopted by participants.
4. Closing phase: gathering participants’ reflections and the personal meanings they ascribe to their post-divorce experiences.
In addition to the interviews, field observations were carried out to capture nonverbal indicators—such as facial expressions, gestures, and tone of voice—which provided deeper insight into participants’ experiences. Supporting documentation was also used to obtain relevant background details, including age at the time of divorce, employment status, and other personal records, thereby offering additional context for the data analysis.
Data analysis in this study followed the procedures of the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach. The process started with immersion, during which the interview transcripts were reviewed repeatedly to gain a deep and comprehensive understanding of the data. This was followed by the identification of meaning units, focusing on sentences or phrases that conveyed significant insights into the participants’ experiences. [33]. Horizontalization was subsequently carried out to arrange these meaning units into themes for each participant. Afterward, superordinate themes were developed to reflect broader patterns identified across all participants. The results were then presented as a comprehensive narrative that faithfully captures participants’ lived experiences, with direct quotations included to strengthen the credibility and depth of the analysis.
To ensure the credibility of the research findings, member checking and source triangulation were conducted. The data obtained were verified with participants and compared with other relevant sources [34]. Data transferability was maintained by providing detailed descriptions of participants’ experiences. Meanwhile, confirmability was ensured by documenting all collected data, including field notes and an audit trail, allowing transparency in the analysis process [35].
This study involved four participants aged 26–30 years who had experienced divorce and worked in different sectors, including freelance work, civil service, and private employment. The interview results indicate that the causes of divorce among all participants showed relatively similar patterns, including infidelity, domestic violence, family interference from the spouse’s family, ineffective communication, and economic problems.
All participants reported experiencing significant emotional impacts after divorce, such as sadness, anger, and disappointment. These findings are consistent with previous research stating that divorce is a life event with a high risk of causing psychological distress [36].
Table 1. General Characteristics of Participants and Causes of Divorce
1. Emotional Aspects
All four participants showed negative emotional responses during the early post-divorce phase. The differences lie in the intensity and pattern of emotional regulation. Subject D showed the most severe emotional disturbance, characterized by emotional instability and a history of suicide attempts. This condition indicates significant difficulties in emotional regulation during the crisis phase. Subject A also demonstrated strong emotional responses but tended to exhibit withdrawal behavior and social isolation as a form of passive coping.
In contrast, Subjects AA and Y showed relatively better emotional stability. Although they still experienced psychological pressure, both were able to manage their emotions more adaptively and demonstrated a faster acceptance process of their post-divorce situation. Thus, the main difference in emotional aspects lies in the level of emotional regulation and stress management ability.
2. Social Support
All participants reported receiving social support from family and close friends, which functioned as a vital protective factor in their psychological recovery. The most significant forms of support included emotional reassurance, the opportunity to share feelings without fear of judgment, and, in certain cases, financial help. However, participants varied in how extensively they accessed and made use of these resources. Participants AA and Y actively engaged with both their social support networks and professional services, such as counseling. In contrast, Participants A and D were initially hesitant to seek assistance, with Participant D choosing to cope with stress independently before eventually turning to professional help.
3. Coping Strategies and Adjustment
Clear differences emerged in the coping strategies used by participants. Participants AA and Y adopted adaptive methods, such as focusing on their work, strengthening financial independence, engaging in physical activities, and deepening their spiritual practices. These approaches supported the formation of a more positive self-concept and enhanced psychological stability. In contrast, Participant D primarily depended on maladaptive coping strategies, including social withdrawal and self-harm, as a means of releasing negative emotions. Participant A demonstrated more passive coping patterns, although without resorting to self-harm. These variations underscore individual differences in the ability to effectively manage stress following divorce.
4. Financial Aspects and the Role of Children
From a financial standpoint, all participants noted heightened economic demands after divorce, while many also gained increased autonomy in managing their own finances. Those with children encountered added responsibilities, particularly related to childcare expenses. For these individuals, their children became a central source of motivation throughout the recovery process, offering renewed purpose and encouraging a future-oriented outlook that strengthened psychological resilience. In contrast, participants without children were more inclined to focus on career advancement and personal recovery as their primary priorities.
5. Social Stigma
All participants experienced social stigma tied to the label of being a “young widow.” They commonly faced negative stereotypes and community scrutiny, which affected their self-esteem and level of social engagement, especially in the initial stages after divorce. However, their responses to this stigma varied. Participants AA and Y showed stronger psychological resilience and gradually reached a sense of self-acceptance. In contrast, Participants A and D needed more time and support to restore their self-confidence and adjust socially.
Table 2. Comparison of Coping Strategies and Adjustment Outcomes
Table 3. Framework of Post-Divorce Adjustment Dynamics
All participants experienced emotional distress after divorce and received social support as a protective factor. The main differences among participants were found in the level of emotional regulation, coping strategies used, and their ability to utilize social support.
Participants who used adaptive coping strategies and effectively utilized social support showed more stable adjustment processes compared to those who used maladaptive coping strategies. These findings emphasize that post-divorce adjustment is an individual process influenced by a combination of emotional, social, and personal factors.
The results of this study indicate that divorce in early adulthood (ages 26–30) exerts substantial impacts across psychological, social, and economic domains. Participants consistently described experiencing a range of negative emotions—such as sadness, anger, frustration, and a deep sense of loss—following the end of their marriages. These findings suggest that divorce at a young age represents a high-risk life event for psychological distress, particularly during the initial period after separation. The intensity and expression of these emotional reactions differed among participants: Participant D showed considerable challenges in emotional regulation, including a history of suicidal behavior, while Participant A exhibited tendencies toward social withdrawal and unstable emotional states. In contrast, Participants AA and Y demonstrated relatively stronger emotional stability and gradually developed acceptance of their new circumstances.
These patterns can be understood through the framework of Emerging Adulthood theory, which characterizes early adulthood as a stage marked by identity exploration and the formation of stable social roles. Experiencing divorce during this phase can interrupt identity consolidation, as individuals are required to reconstruct their sense of self independently after losing the role of a spouse. This disruption was reflected in participants who experienced role confusion and reduced self-esteem during the early stages following divorce. Furthermore, Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development—particularly the stage of intimacy versus isolation—suggests that difficulties in maintaining close relationships may result in social withdrawal and feelings of loneliness. [37]. This was reflected in Subjects A and D, who showed tendencies to withdraw socially, while Subjects AA and Y actively engaged in efforts to rebuild their social connection.
From a sociocultural standpoint, all participants encountered stigma linked to the label of being a “young widow.” Negative social judgments and community scrutiny affected their self-esteem and level of social engagement, particularly in the early stages after divorce. However, participants responded to these pressures in different ways: Participants AA and Y demonstrated stronger psychological resilience and adapted more effectively to their changed social status, whereas Participants A and D needed more time to rebuild their confidence. These findings emphasize the significant role of sociocultural norms and expectations in shaping post-divorce adjustment, indicating that adaptation is influenced not only by individual psychological factors but also by broader societal attitudes. [38].
Social support consistently emerged as a key protective factor for all participants. Forms of assistance such as emotional encouragement, the opportunity to share feelings without judgment, and financial help were considered especially valuable. However, participants varied in how extensively they made use of these resources. Participants AA and Y were open to both informal support networks and professional services, including counseling, whereas Participant D initially showed limited engagement with available support. This finding indicates that the effectiveness of social support depends on an individual’s readiness to accept and actively utilize it.
Coping strategies also differed considerably among participants. Participants AA and Y adopted adaptive approaches, such as increasing their focus on work, strengthening spirituality, engaging in physical activities, and enhancing financial independence. These strategies contributed to the formation of a more positive self-concept and supported psychological stability. In contrast, Participant D relied on maladaptive coping mechanisms, including social withdrawal and harmful behaviors, while Participant A demonstrated more passive coping patterns, marked by withdrawal without self-harm. These differences suggest that emotional regulation abilities and the choice of coping strategies play a crucial role in successful adjustment. Approaches such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) may be particularly beneficial in helping individuals restructure negative thought patterns and develop more adaptive coping skills.[39].
Economically, most participants reported increased autonomy in managing personal finances following divorce. However, those with children faced additional challenges, including childcare costs and responsibilities as single parents. This duality created a situation of both greater financial control and increased economic burden. Children emerged as a primary motivator for participants with dependents, providing meaning and reinforcing future-oriented resilience. These findings align with prior research indicating that post-divorce economic pressures can have lasting implications for well-being, while simultaneously offering opportunities for growth and responsibility.
In sum, the findings demonstrate that post-divorce adjustment in early adulthood is a multifaceted and dynamic process. Common experiences across participants included emotional distress, social stigma, and the need for social support. Clear differences were observed in the effectiveness of emotional regulation, the types of coping strategies adopted, and individuals’ capacity to utilize social support and handle financial pressures. Participants who employed adaptive coping strategies and made effective use of social support exhibited a more stable and constructive adjustment process compared to those who relied on maladaptive approaches. These findings highlight the importance of comprehensive interventions that combine psychological counseling, the strengthening of social support networks, and guidance in financial management. Programs that emphasize identity reconstruction, emotional regulation, and the cultivation of adaptive coping skills are crucial in supporting young adults through post-divorce transitions. Accordingly, divorce in early adulthood should not be viewed merely as a shift in marital status, but rather as a complex developmental experience with far-reaching psychological, social, and economic consequences.
The findings of this qualitative research, which employed a phenomenological approach and involved four participants, indicate that adjustment after divorce during early adulthood represents a multifaceted and evolving psychological process. This process is often characterized by an identity crisis, a sense of dual loss—both the loss of a marital partner and the breakdown of future aspirations—and the weight of social stigma. In addressing the research question on how young adults experience and manage post-divorce adjustment, the findings indicate that the process is largely defined by intense emotional struggles, particularly in the early stages following divorce. Participants described experiencing deep sadness, anger, feelings of personal failure, and uncertainty as they worked to reconstruct their sense of self. To navigate these challenges, participants employed various adjustment strategies, including seeking emotional and practical support from family and close friends, accessing professional services such as counseling or psychiatric care, and engaging in constructive, future-oriented coping behaviors. These adaptive strategies included focusing on career development, participating in physical activities, engaging in spiritual practices, and strengthening their roles as parents. Among these factors, social support emerged as the most influential protective element in promoting psychological recovery. In contrast, individuals with limited emotional regulation abilities were more prone to maladaptive coping patterns. Overall, the study suggests that successful post-divorce adjustment in early adulthood largely depends on an individual’s ability to reconstruct their identity while being supported by positive and nurturing social relationships.
The author sincerely appreciates the support and contributions provided by various parties that made the completion of this research possible. Particular thanks are addressed to the participants from Sleman Regency who generously shared their time and personal experiences related to the process of adjusting to life after divorce, which greatly enriched this study. The author also wishes to acknowledge the individuals who offered academic assistance, constructive feedback, and guidance during both the research process and the preparation of this manuscript. Furthermore, heartfelt gratitude is extended to family members and colleagues whose encouragement and moral support played an important role throughout the research and writing stages. It is expected that the results of this study will provide meaningful insights for the advancement of psychological studies, especially in relation to the adjustment process experienced by young adults following divorce. In addition, the findings are hoped to serve as a useful reference for future researchers as well as for professionals and stakeholders involved in the development of psychological support services.
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