Efraim R. S. Moningkey (1), Nelsi Timang (2), Kristofel Santa (3)
General Background: Tourism represents a strategic driver of regional economic development that requires spatially grounded analytical approaches to support investment planning. Specific Background: Tomohon City, a volcanic tourism area in North Sulawesi, contributes substantially to regional economic output but experiences uneven spatial distribution of tourism investment due to accessibility and infrastructural variation. Knowledge Gap: Tourism investment planning in Tomohon has not previously integrated spatial clustering analysis with interactive geovisualization to classify investment potential systematically. Aims: This study aims to analyze and visualize tourism investment potential in Tomohon City using K-Means spatial clustering integrated into a WebGIS platform. Results: Based on 500 tourism sites and indicators including accessibility, visitor volume, supporting facilities, and estimated return on investment, three clusters were identified: high potential areas covering 28% of the region with ROI of 25–35%, medium potential areas covering 52% with ROI of 15–25%, and low potential areas covering 20% with ROI of 5–15%. Novelty: This research introduces an integrated spatial model combining K-Means clustering and WebGIS visualization for tourism investment assessment in a volcanic urban setting. Implications: The results provide a replicable spatial decision-support framework for tourism investment planning aligned with sustainable development objectives.
• Tourism sites are spatially grouped into three investment potential categories• Central urban areas dominate high-return tourism zones• Web-based mapping supports structured spatial decision-making
Spatial Analysis; Tourism Investment; WebGIS; K-Means Clustering; Tomohon City
[1] Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Sulawesi Utara, Laporan Statistik Pariwisata Provinsi Sulawesi Utara 2022-2023. Manado: BPS Sulawesi Utara, 2023.
[2] Dinas Pariwisata Kota Tomohon, Rencana Induk Pengembangan Pariwisata Kota Tomohon 2021–2025. Tomohon: Pemerintah Kota Tomohon, 2022.
[3] P. A. Longley, M. F. Goodchild, D. J. Maguire, and D. W. Rhind, Geographic Information Systems and Science, 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
[4] A. Susanto, “Analisis Spasial Potensi Wisata Berbasis GIS di Yogyakarta,” Jurnal Geografi dan Pariwisata, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 45–60, 2021.
[5] I. G. N. B. Wijaya and I. N. D. Putra, “Klasterisasi Potensi Investasi Pariwisata Menggunakan K-Means di Bali,” Jurnal Teknik Informatika, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 112–125, 2020.
[6] Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif, Rencana Induk Pariwisata Nasional (RIPPN) 2020–2024. Jakarta: Kemenparekraf RI, 2020.
[7] P. J. Rousseeuw, “Silhouettes: A Graphical Aid to the Interpretation and Validation of Cluster Analysis,” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, vol. 20, pp. 53–65, 1987.
[8] T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani, and J. Friedman, The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, 2nd ed. Springer, 2009.
[9] OpenStreetMap Contributors, “OpenStreetMap Data,” 2023.
[10] Google Earth Engine Team, “Sentinel-2 NDVI Dataset,” Google LLC, 2023.
[11] J. Brooke, “SUS: A Quick and Dirty Usability Scale,” Usability Evaluation in Industry, vol. 189, pp. 4–7, 1996.
[12] D. Arthur and S. Vassilvitskii, “k-means++: The Advantages of Careful Seeding,” in Proc. 18th Annu. ACM-SIAM Symp. Discrete Algorithms, pp. 1027–1035, 2007.
[13] J. MacQueen, “Some Methods for Classification and Analysis of Multivariate Observations,” in Proc. 5th Berkeley Symp. Mathematical Statistics and Probability, vol. 1, pp. 281–297, Univ. of California Press, 1967.
[14] A. S. Fotheringham, C. Brunsdon, and C. Charlton, Quantitative Geography: Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis. SAGE Publications, 2000.
[15] UNWTO, Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals – Journey to 2030. Madrid: UNWTO, 2020.
[16] R. Budiastuti and A. Suryani, “Pengembangan Pariwisata Berkelanjutan di Daerah Vulkanik Indonesia: Studi Kasus Gunung Bromo,” Jurnal Pariwisata Indonesia, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 23–35, 2019.
[17] M. E. O'Kelly and H. J. Miller, The Geography of Transportation Systems, 3rd ed. Routledge, 2015.
[18] PostGIS Development Group, “PostGIS Documentation,” 2023.
[19] Leaflet Contributors, “Leaflet: An Open-Source JavaScript Library for Interactive Maps,” 2023.
[20] L. Anselin, “Local Indicators of Spatial Association—LISA,” Geographical Analysis, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 93–115, 1995.
[21] Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), Indikator Ekonomi Pariwisata Indonesia 2021–2022. Jakarta: BPS RI, 2022.
[22] Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK), Laporan NDVI dan Tutupan Lahan Sulawesi Utara. Jakarta: KLHK, 2023.