Abstract

General Background: Digital citizenship—encompassing safe, responsible technology use, critical media literacy, and ethical engagement—is increasingly vital in today’s educational landscape. Specific Background: Strategic leadership, defined by vision, innovation, and adaptability, plays a pivotal role in guiding schools through digital transformation. Knowledge Gap: However, existing scholarship has yet to integrate leadership practices with a coherent framework for cultivating digital citizenship in K–12 settings. Aims: This study employs a literature review to synthesize relevant research and construct a comprehensive model linking strategic leadership behaviors to digital competency development. Results: Analysis reveals that effective leaders articulate long-term digital visions, align institutional strategies with technological goals, foster collaborative innovation, and model ethical online conduct, thereby facilitating responsible student engagement. Novelty: The resulting framework uniquely maps leadership dimensions—visioning, strategy alignment, culture building—to specific digital citizenship outcomes. Implications: Policymakers and practitioners can leverage these insights to design leadership development programs and institutional policies that empower students as competent, ethical digital citizens in the twenty-first-century learning environment.

Highlights:

• Vision-driven strategy propels digital goals

• Institutional alignment ensures coherent tech integration

• Ethical culture underpins responsible online behavior

Keywords: Strategic Leadership, Technology Integration, Digital Citizenship, Ethical Digital Behavior

Introduction

The rapid and ongoing development of science and technology has greatly influence various sectors, especially in the field of education [1]. The rise of digital technology has reshaped the nature and scope of education, encouraging educational system worldwide to implement strategies and policies that integrate information and communication technologies [2]. In the field of education, technology provide valuable opportunities for innovation in teaching approaches, expanding access to a wide range of learning resources. It also facilitates the use of advanced tools such as e-learning platforms and artificial intelligences to enhance the teaching and learning process. Integrating technology into education can also foster more engaging learning experiences, helping students focus on the material [3]. Moreover, technology enables the rapid spread of knowledge and promotes more effective communication [4]. The use of tools such as projectors and computers can enhance the appeal of learning, while tasks that involve technology, presentations, and group collaboration can make the learning process more dynamic and interactive. Research indicates that contemporary students are increasingly inclined to use technology in learning activities, it has been proven to enhance their learning process and interaction [5].

The integration of information technology in education can also play a crucial role in creating a more effective and efficient learning environment, thereby enhancing the quality of education [6]. As a result, educators are expected to carry out their roles with a high level of proficiency. Therefore, educators are required to perform their duties with a high level of competence [7]. This expectation expands teachers responsibilities, as they must acquire proficiency in emerging technologies to stay effective in their teaching and contribute to the overall improvement of educational quality [8], [9]. On the other hand, technological changes profound social impacts, including changes in values and behaviors of the younger generation that often conflict with the views of previous generations [10]. Today's children are growing up in the midst of digital dominated society grow and develop amidst the dominance of a digital society [11].This generation is more adept at interacting, multitasking, and learning quickly. Therefore, it is crucial to equip digital technology users with the knowledge and skills necessary to become good digital citizens as well as wise and responsible technology users [12]. This is done to mitigate the potential negative impact of technology usage. In this context, educators have vital responsibility to guide and train the younger generation to lead in a good life [13]. Leadership is also essential for achieving the intended goals. Within this framework, strategic leadership plays a crucial role in ensuring effective school management and leadership [14].

Strategic leadership emphasizes the leader’s ability to identify and adapt to changes in the external environment [15], [16]. These external factors include advancements in technology, market shifts, government policies, competition, and global trends. A leader who takes a strategic leadership must possess the skills to make well-informed decision, inspire their team, and adjust strategies to meet the challenges in changing circumstances or environments [17]. Leaders also need to possess the skills and characteristics to successfully guide their organizations through the digitalization process [18]. These skills include a deep understanding of digital technology, the ability to design and implement digital transformation, and the ability to motivate the team to face changes. Meanwhile, change can only be implemented by leaders when the members of the organization are ready to accept the change [19]. Therefore, a leader needs to foster a conducive environment, clearly explain the goals and benefits of the change, build trust and participation among members so they feel engaged in the process of change. This requires good communication, training programs, motivation, and the appropriate strategies to address resistance to change.

Leadership plays a key role in fostering a collaborative environment within an organization to ensure that digital transformation produce significant results [20].Strategic leaders also establish effective collaborations with students, parents, staff, and school leaders to foster innovation [21]. In this regard, digital citizenship becomes an important part of these efforts, as it extends beyond the concerns of teachers to include the entire system of technological and scientific advancement and innovation, as well as involving all parties within it [22]. Students raised in a digital environment require not only technical abilities but also an understanding of the ethical use of technology. Therefore, educational institutions need to foster good digital citizenship among students. To achieve this goal, the role of leadership in educational institutions are very crucial. Strategic leadership in education plays a crucial role in formulating policies and programs that support the digital climate, as well as ensuring that students can become responsible digital citizens. This article examines the efforts of strategic leadership in enhancing digital citizenship among students. This article provides a framework for creating educational policies that support the improvement of technology-based teaching quality and strengthen students' digital citizenship in facing challenges in the digital era.

Method

This study employs the library research, where data is obtained by exploring and reviewing various sources of literature [23]. The sources analyzed are chosen based on the relevance to the research focus and objectives. The literature used in this study includes books, articles, and other documents that are relevant to the topic. The main focus of the analysis study is on the discussion of strategic leadership and the critical importance of fostering digital citizenship among students. All the literature is thoroughly, critically, systematically analyzed to obtain a comprehensive understanding and to build a strong theoretical argumentation to support the discussion.

Result and Discussion

A. Strategic Leadership in Digital Era

A leader is an individual who can inspire, attract attention, provide intellectual growth, motivate, spirit, and enhance awareness of important issues by encouraging followers to approach familiar challenges from a different perspective, as well as inspiring them to exceed expectations and achieve common goals [24]. Strategic leadership refers to a leadership approach focused on formulating and executing organizational strategies aimed at achieving long- term objectives. It demands that leaders possess a comprehensive understanding of the organization’s vision, mission and core values, along with the capability to plan and oversee strategic initiatives [25]. Strategic leadership is not only related to the formulation of plans but also to ensuring that these strategies are implemented effectively and managing various changes that may arise in the process of achieving the organization's long-term goals [26]. In line with Samimi's opinion in [27] that strategic leadership as the responsibility of top management to realize the organization's vision and mission through the efficient integration and coordination of different parts of organizations.

According to Arnott (1995) as referenced in [28] strategic leaders focus on the future to determine the organization’s direction. They are responsible for aligning and coordinating internal efforts while also creating a structured approach to accomplish the organization mission and develop a clear vision for the future [29]. This role is essential in fostering the organization connection with its external environment. Strategic leaders are responsible for guiding the organization to achieve its goals by utilizing their skills and experience. Strategic leadership also has a forward-looking vision to influence its members or team in achieving goals, while actively participating in change, ensuring the organization’s adaptability and competitiveness in a dynamic environment [30]. Strategic leaders influence organizations through their decisions, where such decisions at this level are the critical commitments that can lead to long-term consequences for the organization [31]. Strategic leadership places a strong emphasis on the ability to manage, coordinate, influence, as well as motivate and enhance the performance of team members in achieving organizational goals [32]. These leaders formulate objectives and strategies, develop organizational structures, processes, core competencies, manage stakeholders, select executives, prepare future leaders, ensure the preservation of organizational culture and ethical values and represent the organization in external negotiation [33].

Davies & Davies, (2005) explain that there are five characteristics possesses by strategic leaders in school, including:

1. Challenging and Questioning the Current Situation.

Strategic leaders are not satisfied with the current state of affairs and have a desire to create a better future for the organization. They strive to improve the situation despite having to face uncertainty and constraints in implementing changes quickly.

2. Prioritizing Strategic Thinking and Personal Learning, as Well as Building New Mental Models

Strategic leaders have the ability to visualize the future and develop innovative strategies by combining their experiences and knowledge. They understand the value of ongoing learning and actively pursue new opportunities to improve their skills. For them, professional development is the key to facing ever-evolving challenges.

3. Making Decisions Based on Strategic Wisdom and a Strong Value System

Strategic leaders make decisions founded on well-defined values, which act as a framework for taking prudent strategic steps.

4. Building Extensive Personal and Professional Network

Strategic leaders create strong networks with various parties to support their roles and responsibilities. These relationships provide valuable support and new perspectives in formulating effective strategies.

5. Mastering Strong Personal and Interpersonal Skills

Strategic leaders understand that knowing themselves is essential for building self-confidence and they have the ability to grasp the needs and interaction within their team.

Based on the explanation, strategic leaders can be described as individuals who prioritize both organizational improvement and their own personal and interpersonal growth. They have well-defined vision, effectively utilize networks to support their strategic goals, and foster strong relationships to promote meaningful change within the school environment.

According to Davies & Davies, (2005) the responsibilities undertaken by strategic leaders includes:

1. Setting the school’s direction. This responsibility involves understanding strategy as a sequence of decision that guide the organization.

2. Converting strategy into actionable step. Strategic leaders not only formulate strategies but also ensure that these strategies are implemented with clear and measurable steps.

3. Aligning people, the organization, and the strategy. Strategic leaders ensure that all members of the organization are in sync with the strategy.

4. Determining effective strategic intervention points. The main skill of strategic leader is understanding when to make changes and how to create opportunities within the organization to move towards a new strategic direction.

5. Building strategic capabilities in the school. Strategic leaders are capable of managing the current conditions of the school, as well as possess the ability to allocate time and resources in order to build strategic capabilities that ensure the long-term sustainability and advancement of school.

Strategic leadership is a critical component in the management of modern organization, emphasizing long-term vision, innovation, and adaptability to the external environment [34]. According to Goldman, in [35], leaders at the strategic level need to cultivate deep understanding and insight, possess creativity by thinking beyond, and have the ability to connect and integrate various ideas. Strategic leaders must be able to identify opportunities that are not easily seen by others and explore new things [36]. Strategic leaders not only have a vision of an ideal future but also recognize the complexities and uncertainties of the future, designing strategies to tackle unexpected [37]. Having a strategy for designing the future means more than just drafting a strategic plan; it includes understanding the context in which students live and preparing them to become valued members of the global community.

Effective strategic leadership is seen as a key factor in achieving organizational success in the rapidly changing and challenging 21st century [38]. Ireland & Hitt (1999) in [39] explain that to tackle the competitive challenges of the 21st century, effective strategic leaders must possess the following capabilities:(1) formulating and communicating a vision, (2) developing adaptable core competencies, (3) optimizing human resources potential, (4) investing in technological innovation, (5) implementing valuable strategies, (6) fostering and sustaining a productive organizational culture, (7) designing and implementing balanced control systems, and (8) adhering to ethical practices. Strategic leadership becomes increasingly crucial as organizations work to align their goals with the acceleration of technological change, requiring leaders to adopt a proactive approach in addressing and overcoming emerging challenges [40].

De Araujo, in [41] highlights that one of the emerging areas of focus in academic research is the relationship between leadership and digitalization. The concept of digital leadership or leadership in the digital era is used to address the new challenges faced by leaders in line with the process of digitalization and digital transformation within organizations. Digital leadership refers to the ability to lead an organization in the digital era by leveraging technology and innovation to achieve organizational goals, including defining the organization's vision and strategy, as well as managing its human resources [42].

In order to lead effectively, a digital leader must have the ability to think systematically and analytically, along with an understanding how technology can enhance the organization. A digital leader should be able to engage with employees, partners and other stakeholders in inspiring and guiding manner, while also fostering partnership through empathy and understanding other’s perspectives.

B. Enhancing Digital Citizenship in Educational Institutions

Digital literacy and competency have emerged as central priorities in education systems globally. In this regard, technology plays an important role in the future of education. however, to fully leverage its potential, it is essential to have educators who recognize the value of human interaction in the learning process, enabling students to develop skills required to use technology effectively both today and in the future. While technology plays a crucial role, it is important to assess its effect. The integration of information and communication technology in education brings both positive and negative impacts. The benefits of using technology in learning include the ease and speed of accessing essential information to support education, the development of e-learning, opportunities for virtual classroom, and the efficiency of administrative systems in educational institutions. Additionally, technology use in learning can boost student motivation and participation, as well as contribute to improvements in the learning process.

Meanwhile, the negative impact of information technology usage according to Sudibyo (2013) in are:

1. Students may become addicted to the virtual world. Especially when they fail to approach new information with a critical or skeptical mindset. Those who spend excessive time online need to adopt a discerning approach to evaluate the information they encounter.

2. Criminal activities, such as the theft of documents or important assets related to the educational management.

3. Students may become apathetic towards their teachers, particularly during online learning, where they tend to be less active, resulting in less effective learning outcomes.

Digital technology, especially the internet and social media, has provided individuals with the opportunity to engage in a wider range of social activities without being hindered by geographical boundaries, which has contributed to the rapid development of digital citizenship literature in recent decades. Digital citizenship education is a concept that combines digital tools, social media, and citizenship education. Digital citizenship refers to a set of guidelines that govern appropriate and responsible behavior in utilizing information technology, with the expectation that individual within the digital community will engage with technology in a thoughtful and positive manner [43].

Digital citizenship is commonly referred to in assignments related to technology, but it often fails to encourage students to actively engage in a critical application of digital citizenship. Therefore, it is crucial to grasp the main functions of digital citizenship, ensuring that students not only use technology in a passive manner but also incorporate into more significant and meaningful practices in their lives. Nehe, (2021) describes several functions of digital citizenship, including:

1. Establishing a responsible digital community where every users are accountable, as they have direct effect on real-world circumstances.

2. Supporting safe, comfortable, and conducive global interactions that are not hindered by the space and time.

3. Promoting digital security by providing rights, legal obligation, and protection for users, aimed at preventing the negative impacts of cybercrime.

4. Improving understanding of digital media usage, not just utilizing it practically.

5. Facilitating access to quality and beneficial information that can educate and shape a positive mindset for digital users, while encouraging respect for intellectual property and helping to avoid hoaxes and damaging information.

Today’s generation is growing up in the era of advanced technology, they possess advanced abilities in operating digital tools and accessing information on a global scale [44]. As the result, they are able to form wide social networks. Moreover, technology provides opportunities for many people to communicate and interact very quickly.

Tabroni (2021) as referenced highlight that technology can influence children’s attitude and behavior. Some issues related to technology arise because the lack of proper knowledge among parents about how to use of technology appropriately. Both parents and students often learn about technology through peers. When children see their parents using technology inappropriately, they tend to imitate that behavior, which leads to the increasing misuse of technology. Therefore, it is important for teachers to be knowledgeable about integrating technology into learning process and to guide students in using technology wisely and ethically [45].

Educational institutions play a vital role in guiding students to effectively apply the principles of digital citizenship while also reducing its negative impacts (Febrilio et al., 2024).To support active digital citizens, it is important to incorporate the concept of digital citizenship into the social studies curriculum. By integrating this concept digital citizenship into the curriculum, students will gain an understanding of how to interact in the online world safely, ethically, and responsibly. Ohler (2011) in [46] explains that schools generally address students' behavior issues in the digital era using two approaches: handling cases individually and limiting students' access to technology. Ribble, (2011) explains that there are nine elements in digital citizenship, which serve as guidelines for understanding and addressing relevant technological needs for educators, while also anticipating emerging technology issues that may become more significant in the future. These nine elements include:

1. Digital Access

It is important for teachers and administrators to acknowledge the crucial role of technology in shaping students’ future. Schools should provide computer labs and adopt one-to-one computing or bring your own device policies to reduce the digital gap that arises due to social, economic, geographic factors, and special needs disparities.

2. Digital Commerce

Teaching digital commerce is often considered as one of the most challenging aspects of digital citizenship in the classroom. Many teachers feel that teaching students to be smart consumers is not their responsibility unless it is a business- specific subject. However, online shopping now has become an integral part of students' lives. Therefore, it is essential to teach digital commerce to students, so they become wise and smart consumers, avoiding risks such as identity theft and fraud. Teachers and technology leaders must instruct students on how to shop online securely and protect their personal information. These skills are important to prepare students to become responsible members of the digital community.

3. Digital Communication

Digital communication tools, like smartphones, social media, and text messages have revolutionized interaction, but can also lead to risks, such as messages that remain stored even after being deleted. Therefore, teachers, administrators, and parents need to work together to teach students digital responsibility and ensure the proper use of technology in schools. The appropriate use of digital communication practices involves students and teachers using communication tools in ways without disrupting school activities. Social media, for instance can be utilized to enhance classroom activities, such as sharing ideas or written works. Teachers can also use blogs to provide information to parents about ongoing class activities.

4. Digital Literacy

It is essential to understanding the proper use of technology in education. Although technology is increasingly used in schools, many teachers have not received sufficient training to use it effectively and often focusing solely on its function rather than its correct application. Therefore, teachers and students must learn how to integrate technology into the curriculum to aligned with technological advancements and create engaging learning methods. For example, students participate in online or hybrid learning designed to capture their attention towards the material. Teachers can also creatively use digital tools, such as creating web content that can be accessed by students.

5. Digital Etiquette

Practicing good digital behavior in digital environment sets a positive example for students, as students tend to imitate others in using technology. However, many parents do not yet understand the proper ethics of technology use, while students tend to imitate that behavior. Therefore, schools and technology teams should take an active role in teaching student about respectful and responsible digital behavior. For example, students and teachers can collaborate to determine which types of information are appropriate to share via mobile phones or notebooks.

6. Digital Law

It is essential to help students understand how to use technology legally and ethically. Digital citizenship allows technology users to recognize the legal implications of their online action. As digital citizens, user are expected to follow both legal guidelines and institutional technology policies. Students should learn to distinguish between and free paid downloadable content and be encourage to report to their parents if someone else shares inappropriate content, such as sharing of explicit images (sexting).

7. Digital Rights and Responsibilities

Being a part of the digital society means that every user has rights granted fairly and obligations to follow the shared rules. These rules can take the form of laws or usage policies. In this case, schools need to collaborate to establish ways to address inappropriate digital behavior. Students should be given a clear understanding of the expected behavior to become good members of the digital society. When students create or publish works, they should be given the right to protect their works as they wish, have rights over those works, express themselves freely, and share their works globally. Students are also required to mention/include websites or other digital media sources when accessing information for class assignments. The teacher explains students' rights in using digital technology, while also teaching them about the obligations that must be fulfilled.

8. Digital Health and Wellness

Students must understand the potential physical dangers that may arise from the use of digital technology. Concerns about technology security often focus solely on the devices, rather than on physical safety, for example computer placed on a desk that is too high or too low, making students uncomfortable or even causing injuries. Besides physical risks, another important aspect of digital safety is internet addiction. If left unaddressed, internet addiction can lead to both physical and psychological problems. To prevent these issues, educators need to encourage students to use technology responsibly and ensure that computer devices are designed appropriately to prevent long-term physical injuries. Parents should also be aware of the types and amounts of technology used by students. Examples of appropriate use of digital health and well-being is: technology leaders learning how to use technology for well-being and health. Teachers can also demonstrate safe digital practices in the classroom and encourage students to follow that example.

9. Digital Security

Security issues often arise not because of device malfunctions, but rather due to how they are used, such as sharing passwords without careful thought or the lack of discussions with children about the dangers of interacting with strangers on the internet. According to Gross (2009) cited in [47] many young people tend to see online strangers as potential friends. Young people often measure their social status based on the number of online friends on platforms like Facebook or MySpace. In addition, cybercriminals frequently use phishing tactic to steal sensitive information from users. As Ribble suggest, good digital security practices included keeping anti-virus protection and firewall are always updated and correctly configured to safeguard personal information. It is also important for teachers and parents to have open conversation about the risks of sharing information with others on the internet.

Ribble (2011) suggest that the focus of digital citizenship programs should align with the specific needs and challenges faced by each school. For instance, if schools face issues related to basic knowledge of new technology, the program should emphasize improving digital literacy and academic performance. When cyberbullying is the concern, the focus should shift to promoting safe school environment and guiding student’s behavior. If students are suffering from physical or psychological problems due to excessive technology use, the program can be focused on students' lives outside of school. It is essential for technology leaders to determine which aspects of digital citizenship require priority and to stay alert to new issues that may arise with technological advancements. While digital citizenship can help build global connections, it also demands careful coordination and regulation to protect personal privacy and ensure data security [48].

Conclusion

Strategic leadership plays an important role in the success of an organization, especially in the digital era. Effective strategic leaders must be able to utilize technology to achieve organizational goals, responsive to technological changes, have good communication skills and empathy, and maintain strong relationship with stakeholders.

In the field of education, technology offers valuable opportunities to enhance learning experiences and improve students' digital skills. However, it also brings various challenges. Educators have responsibility to guide students in using technology responsibly and to ensure they understand their digital rights and responsibilities. Schools should embed digital citizenship education into the curriculum to help students become ethical and responsible as digital citizens. This approach can help prevent issues such as internet addiction, and cybercrime while promoting the safe and appropriate use of digital tools. By following the principles of digital citizenship, users can enjoy the full benefit of technology, realizing that their rights are meaningful only when accompanied by responsibilities.

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