Academia Open
Vol 10 No 1 (2025): June (In Progress)
Medicine

Adrenal Gland Dysfunction and Its Link to Endocrine Disorders
Disfungsi Kelenjar Adrenal dan Kaitannya dengan Gangguan Endokrin


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  • Duaa Hamad Hamza*
Duaa Hamad Hamza
Biology Department, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Al-Muthanna University, Iraq *

(*) Corresponding Author
Picture in here are illustration from public domain image or provided by the author, as part of their works
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10797
Published April 7, 2025
Keywords
  • Adrenal gland structure,
  • Corticosteroids,
  • Catecholamines,
  • Adrenal gland disorder
How to Cite
Hamza, D. H. (2025). Adrenal Gland Dysfunction and Its Link to Endocrine Disorders. Academia Open, 10(1), 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10797. https://doi.org/10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10797

Copyright (c) 2025 Duaa Hamad Hamza

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

General Background: The adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal glands, are vital endocrine organs located above each kidney. Specific Background: Comprising the cortex and medulla, these glands produce a variety of hormones essential for metabolic regulation, immune response, stress adaptation, and cardiovascular function. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive research on adrenal hormone synthesis, a comprehensive understanding of how structural and functional alterations in these glands contribute to various endocrine disorders remains limited. Aims: This study aims to elucidate the correlation between adrenal gland composition, hormone secretion, and the manifestation of adrenal-related diseases. Results: Findings demonstrate that the adrenal cortex synthesizes steroid hormones—mineralocorticoids, adrenal androgens, and glucocorticoids—while the medulla produces catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. Dysregulation in hormonal output is linked to disorders including Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, primary aldosteronism, and adrenal cancers. Novelty: This study provides an integrated perspective on the structural-functional relationship of the adrenal gland and its role in disease etiology. Implications: Understanding these mechanisms enhances diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for managing endocrine disorders associated with adrenal dysfunction.

Highlights:

 

  1. Adrenal glands regulate vital hormones for body homeostasis.

  2. Dysfunction causes Addison’s, Cushing’s, and adrenal-related diseases.

  3. Insights aid diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders.

Key words: Adrenal gland structure , Corticosteroids, Catecholamines, Adrenal gland disorder

 

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