Academia Open
Vol 10 No 1 (2025): June (In Progress)
Microbiology

Classification and Control Strategies for Malaria, Plague, and Tuberculosis
Klasifikasi dan Strategi Pengendalian Malaria, Wabah, dan Tuberkulosis


View Article
  • Wisam Hasan Hadi ,
  • Mustafa Abdul kareem Mustaf,
  • Ammar Abdulwahid Jbarah AL-Karawi*,
  • Shifaa Waleed Khaled
Wisam Hasan Hadi
(Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Osol Al Eleem university College, Baghdad, Iraq
Mustafa Abdul kareem Mustaf
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Osol Al Eleem university College, Baghdad, Iraq
Ammar Abdulwahid Jbarah AL-Karawi
Ministry of Education / Diyala Education Directorate / Diyala, Iraq *
Shifaa Waleed Khaled
College of education for pure sciences/University of Diyala/Diyala, Iraq

(*) Corresponding Author
Picture in here are illustration from public domain image or provided by the author, as part of their works
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10722
Published March 8, 2025
Keywords
  • Malaria,
  • plague,
  • tuberculosis,
  • epidemiology,
  • response to treatment and burden of disease
How to Cite
Hadi , W. H., Mustaf, M. A. kareem, AL-Karawi, A. A. J., & Khaled, S. W. (2025). Classification and Control Strategies for Malaria, Plague, and Tuberculosis. Academia Open, 10(1), 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10722. https://doi.org/10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10722

Copyright (c) 2025 Ammar AL-Karawi

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

General Background: Infectious diseases continue to pose a significant global health challenge, with malaria, plague, and tuberculosis contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates. Globalization has further accelerated their spread across borders. Specific Background: Despite medical advancements, these diseases persist due to factors such as drug resistance, high transmission rates, and regional endemicity. Pulmonary tuberculosis, in particular, remains a major concern due to its chronic nature and multidrug resistance. Knowledge Gap: Comparative studies classifying these diseases based on severity, epidemiological impact, and treatment response remain limited, making it difficult to prioritize intervention strategies effectively. Aims: This study classifies malaria, plague, and pulmonary tuberculosis using global health data to assess their epidemiological burden and treatment response. Results: Pulmonary tuberculosis presents the greatest long-term threat due to its resistance patterns. Plague, while acutely lethal, is highly treatable with timely antibiotics. Malaria remains a significant burden but is manageable with appropriate interventions. Novelty: This study integrates statistical analyses of mortality rates, transmission dynamics, and drug resistance patterns to provide a comparative classification of these diseases. Implications: Findings emphasize the necessity of early diagnosis, targeted drug development, and strengthened surveillance to enhance global infectious disease control efforts.

Highlights:

  1. Infectious diseases remain a global challenge due to transmission and drug resistance.
  2. Tuberculosis is persistent, plague is acutely lethal, malaria burdens endemic regions.
  3. Targeted interventions, early diagnosis, and drug development are crucial for control.

Keywords : Malaria, plague, tuberculosis, epidemiology, response to treatment and burden of disease

 
View Article

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

No metrics found.

Plum Print visual indicator of research metrics
No metrics available.
-
see details

References

  1. WHO, Global Tuberculosis Report 2023, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2023.
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Plague: Prevention and Treatment," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.cdc.gov. [Accessed: Mar. 8, 2025].
  3. World Health Organization, Global Health Estimates 2022, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int. [Accessed: Mar. 8, 2025].
  4. World Health Organization, "Malaria," 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int. [Accessed: Mar. 8, 2025].
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Malaria Surveillance – 2023, Atlanta, GA, USA: CDC, 2023.
  6. World Health Organization, World Malaria Report 2022, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2023.
  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Tuberculosis (TB): Data and Statistics," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.cdc.gov. [Accessed: Mar. 8, 2025].
  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Plague: Symptoms and Treatment," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.cdc.gov. [Accessed: Mar. 8, 2025].
  9. R. D. Perry and J. D. Fetherston, "Yersinia Pestis - The Cause of Plague," Microbial Pathogenesis, vol. 1, pp. 1-25, 2021.
  10. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, Seattle, WA, USA: IHME, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.healthdata.org. [Accessed: Mar. 8, 2025].
  11. IBM, SPSS Statistics, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.ibm.com. [Accessed: Mar. 8, 2025].
  12. A. Zumla, M. Raviglione, R. Hafner, and C. F. von Reyn, "Tuberculosis," New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 368, no. 8, pp. 745-755, 2013.
  13. GraphPad Software, GraphPad Prism, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.graphpad.com. [Accessed: Mar. 8, 2025].
  14. World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Report 2023, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2023.
  15. World Health Organization, World Malaria Report 2023, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int. [Accessed: Mar. 8, 2025].
  16. R. M. Fairhurst, G. M. Nayyar, J. G. Breman, R. Hallett, J. L. Vennerstrom, S. Duong, et al., "Artemisinin-Resistant Malaria: Research Challenges, Opportunities, and Public Health Implications," The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 231-241, 2012.
  17. Global Burden of Disease Study, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2022.
  18. T. Butler, "Plague Gives Surprises in the First Decade of the 21st Century," Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 528-534, 2013.