Vol 10 No 1 (2025): June (In Progress)
Clinical Research
Evaluation of β2-microglobulin, IL17, Endostatin levels, and some biochemical variables in patients with Chronic kidney disease in Kirkuk city
Evaluasi kadar β2-mikroglobulin, IL17, Endostatin, dan beberapa variabel biokimia pada pasien penyakit ginjal kronis di kota Kirkuk
Picture in here are illustration from public domain image or provided by the author, as part of their works
Published
February 4, 2025
Keywords
- Chronic kidney disease,
- β2-microglobulin,
- IL-17,
- Endostatin
How to Cite
Abdulrazaaq, Z. A., & Hameed , N. I. A. (2025). Evaluation of β2-microglobulin, IL17, Endostatin levels, and some biochemical variables in patients with Chronic kidney disease in Kirkuk city. Academia Open, 10(1), 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10566. https://doi.org/10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10566
Copyright (c) 2025 Zina Abdulmunem Abdulrazaaq, Nagham Imad Abdul Hameed
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is the most common disease in developed countries of the world and thus poses a major challenge to public health throughout the world , Method:- Samples were collected randomly from patients hospitalized in Kirkuk General Hospital, in addition to some outpatient medical clinics. 55 samples were collected for patients with chronic kidney disease CKD, whose ages were (40-75) for one year for the period (1/6/2024 to 25/10/2024) Also, 30 blood samples were collected from healthy people (as a control group) .5 ml of blood sample was collected from patients and healthy people and separated using a centrifuge to obtain the serum, after which the level of the studied variables, represented by β2-microglobulin, Interlukin-17- IL-17, Endostatin, and some biochemical variables, which included (Urea, Creatinin, Uric acid, Ferritin )Result:- This study showed a significant rise in the (Β2-MG, Endostatin, IL-17, Urea, Creatinin, Uric acid, and ferritin ) in patients with CKD compared to healthy subjects.
Highlights:
- Chronic kidney disease challenges public health worldwide.
- Study analyzes β2-MG, IL-17, Endostatin, and biochemical markers in CKD patients.
- Results show significant biomarker elevation in CKD versus healthy subjects.
Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, β2-microglobulin, IL-17, Endostatin
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References
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[32]. D. Real de Asúa, R. Puchades, I. García-Polo, and C. Suárez, "A Study on the Relationship Between Serum Beta 2-Microglobulin Levels, Underlying Chronic Kidney Disease, and Peripheral Arterial Disease in High-Vascular-Risk Patients," Int. Cardiovasc. Res. J., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 107–112, 2012.
[33]. Y. Shen, J. J. Chen, W. B. Yao, S. J. Feng, H. L. Yang, D. M. Chen, et al., "Predictive Value of Serum β2-Microglobulin in Cardiac Valve Calcification in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients," J. Thorac. Dis., vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 4914, 2023.
[34]. Z. A. Hussein, S. A. Abdulsattar, and I. N. Salman, "The Effectiveness of Serum Beta-2 Microglobulin as a Biomarker for Evaluating Renal Function Decline in Type II Diabetes Mellitus," 2022.
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[40]. E. A. Shawkat, S. J. Abdulrahman, and B. A. Bakr, "Assessment of the Role of Erythropoietin, Hepcidin, and Albumin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in Kirkuk-Iraq," Kirkuk J. Sci., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 7-12, 2023.
[41]. R. E. Sarhat and R. A. Mahmood, "Evaluation of Serum Concentration of Interleukins in Patients with Myocardial Infarction by ELISA Technique," Kirkuk Univ. J. Sci. Stud., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 43-51, Mar. 2018.
[2]. S. K. Abbas, N. B. Mahdi, and A. Sh. Abdulla, “C-Reactive Protein and Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 in Helicobacter Pylori Infection Associated with Chronic Renal Failure,” Indian J. Public Health Res. Dev., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–6, Jan. 2020.
[3]. L. S. Chawla, R. Bellomo, A. Bihorac, S. L. Goldstein, E. D. Siew, S. M. Bagshaw, D. Bittleman, D. Cruz, Z. Endre, R. L. Fitzgerald, and L. Forni, “Acute Kidney Disease and Renal Recovery: Consensus Report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) Workgroup,” Nat. Rev. Nephrol., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 241–257, Apr. 2017.
[4]. A. Hassan, N. B. Mahdi, and S. K. Abbas, “Significant Correlation Between IL-18 and Complement Component C3 in Chronic Renal Failure Patients Infected with Escherichia Coli,” Biochem. Cell Arch., vol. 19, suppl. 1, pp. 2013–2018, 2019.
[5]. H. M. I., M. B. L., and S. K. Abbas, “IL-6 and Procalcitonin Levels in Hemodialysis Patients with Fungal Infection,” Res. J. Biotechnol., vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 1–7, 2019.
[6]. Z. A. Hussein, S. A. Abdulsattar, and I. N. Salman, “The Effectiveness of Serum Beta-2 Microglobulin as a Biomarker for Evaluating Renal Function Decline in Type II Diabetes Mellitus,” J. Med. Sci., vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 120–130, 2022.
[7]. T. B. Drüeke and Z. A. Massy, “Progress in Uremic Toxin Research: Beta2-Microglobulin,” Semin. Dial., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 378–380, Jul. 2009.
[8]. M. Li, Z. Popovic, C. Chu, B. K. Krämer, and B. Hocher, “Endostatin in Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases,” Kidney Dis., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 468–481, 2021.
[9]. T. Ruge, A. C. Carlsson, E. Ingelsson, U. Risérus, J. Sundström, A. Larsson, and J. Ärnlöv, “Circulating Endostatin and the Incidence of Heart Failure,” Scand. Cardiovasc. J., vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 244–249, 2018.
[10]. J. Wallwitz, P. Aigner, E. Gadermaier, E. Bauer, A. Casanova, A. Bauer, and D. Stoiber, “Validation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Quantification of Endostatin Levels in Mice as a Biomarker of Developing Glomerulonephritis,” PLoS One, vol. 14, no. 8, p. e0220935, 2019.
[11]. Y. J. Nie, S. H. Wu, Y. H. Xuan, and G. Yan, “Role of IL-17 Family Cytokines in the Progression of IPF From Inflammation to Fibrosis,” Milit. Med. Res., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2022.
[12]. J. Fu and R. Retnakaran, “The Life Course Perspective of Gestational Diabetes: An Opportunity for the Prevention of Diabetes and Heart Disease in Women,” EClinicalMedicine, vol. 45, pp. 1–10, 2022.
[13]. Caillon, P. Paradis, and E. L. Schiffrin, “Role of Immune Cells in Hypertension,” Br. J. Pharmacol., vol. 176, no. 12, pp. 1818–1828, 2019. doi: 10.1111/BPH.14427.
[14]. S. M. Hasan and Z. M. Al-Rubaei, “Comparison of GLP-1 Levels in Iraqi Diabetic and Diabetic Nephropathy Patients,” J. Educ. Sci. Stud., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 45–50, 2018.
[15]. Pillitteri, Maternal and Child Health Nursing: Care of the Childbearing and Childrearing Family, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 1358–1359.
[16]. H. S. Mackenzie, D. L. Carcia, S. Anderson, et al., “The Renal Abnormality in Hypertension,” 2nd ed., Reven Res., New York, NY, USA, 1995, p. 1539.
[17]. N. Riffaut, O. Moranne, A. Hertig, T. Hannedouche, and C. Couchoud, “Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury Depend on Initial Clinical Features: A National French Cohort Study,” Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 2218–2227, 2018.
[18]. Y. Ingrasciotta, J. Sultana, F. Giorgianni, A. Fontana, A. Santangelo, D. U. Tari, and G. Trifiro, "Association of Individual Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Population-Based Case Control Study," PloS One, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. e0122899, 2015.
[19]. J. F. Zilva, P. R. Pannall, and P. D. Mayne, Clinical Chemistry in Diagnosis and Treatment, 6th ed., Edward Arnold, a division of Hodder and Stoughton, 1989, pp. 14-16, 173-177, 190.
[20]. T. A. Ikizler, C. R. Parikh, J. Himmelfarb, V. M. Chinchilli, K. D. Liu, S. G. Coca, and M. A. Wurfel, "A Prospective Cohort Study of Acute Kidney Injury and Kidney Outcomes, Cardiovascular Events, and Death," Kidney Int., vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 456-465, 2021.
[21]. M. H. Pizarro, D. C. Santos, B. S. V. Barros, L. G. N. de Melo, and M. B. Gomes, "Serum Uric Acid and Renal Function in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: A Nationwide Study in Brazil," Diabetol. Metab. Syndr., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2018.
[22]. J. Wang, Y. Yu, X. Li, D. Li, C. Xu, J. Yuan, S. Wei, X. Li, K. Yang, D. Zheng, and Y. Tang, "Serum Uric Acid Levels and Decreased Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cohort Study and Meta‐Analysis," Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., vol. 34, no. 7, pp. e3046, Oct. 2018.
[23]. K. F. Al-Rawi, H. H. Ali, M. A. Guma, B. J. M. Aldahham, S. F. T. Alaaraji, O. Al-Ani, and A. T. Ali, "Chronic Kidney Disease," RBMB.net, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 664-674, 2022.
[24]. R. N. Al-Khameesi, H. I. Mohammed, H. N. Ali, A. M. AlErjan, M. J. Kadham, S. M. Hameed, R. N. H. Hardan, and D. A. F. Abd, "Elevation of IL-17 in Chronic Kidney Failure in Iraqi Patients," 5th International Conference on Biomedical and Health Sciences (CIC-BIOHS’2024), DOI: 10.24086/biohs2024/paper.1406.
[25]. Z. Y. Li, Y. Zheng, Y. Chen, M. Pan, S. B. Zheng, W. Huang, et al., "Brazilin Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy and Inflammation in db/db Mice," Inflammation, vol. 40, pp. 1365-1374, 2017.
[26]. W. F. Al-Tai, I. A. Mohammed, and M. S. Sabri, "Relation Between Body Iron Store and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes," Sci. J., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 5931-5933, 2010.
[27]. H. Koozi, J. Engström, M. Spångfors, H. Friberg, and A. Frigyesi, "Plasma Endostatin Is an Early Creatinine Independent Predictor of Acute Kidney Injury and Need for Renal Replacement Therapy in Critical Care," medRxiv Preprint, doi: 10.1101/2024.04.25.24306345.
[28]. Y. Zhai, X. Long, J. Gao, X. Yao, X. Wang, and Z. Zhao, "Elevated Endostatin Expression Is Regulated by the pIgA Immune Complex and Associated with Disease Severity of IgA Nephropathy," Kidney Blood Press. Res., vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 31-40, 2021.
[29]. Y. Kato, N. Furusyo, Y. Tanaka, S. Yamasaki, T. Ueyama, K. Takayama, et al., "Association of the Serum Endostatin Level, Renal Function, and Carotid Atherosclerosis of Healthy Residents of Japan," J. Atheroscler. Thromb., vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 829-835, 2018.
[30]. M. Li, Z. Popovic, C. Chu, B. K. Krämer, and B. Hocher, "Endostatin in Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases," Kidney Dis., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 468-481, 2021.
[31]. O. Sedighi, S. Abediankenari, and B. Omranifar, "Association Between Plasma Beta-2 Microglobulin Level and Cardiac Performance in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease," Nephro-Urology Monthly, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. e23563, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5812/numonthly.23563.
[32]. D. Real de Asúa, R. Puchades, I. García-Polo, and C. Suárez, "A Study on the Relationship Between Serum Beta 2-Microglobulin Levels, Underlying Chronic Kidney Disease, and Peripheral Arterial Disease in High-Vascular-Risk Patients," Int. Cardiovasc. Res. J., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 107–112, 2012.
[33]. Y. Shen, J. J. Chen, W. B. Yao, S. J. Feng, H. L. Yang, D. M. Chen, et al., "Predictive Value of Serum β2-Microglobulin in Cardiac Valve Calcification in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients," J. Thorac. Dis., vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 4914, 2023.
[34]. Z. A. Hussein, S. A. Abdulsattar, and I. N. Salman, "The Effectiveness of Serum Beta-2 Microglobulin as a Biomarker for Evaluating Renal Function Decline in Type II Diabetes Mellitus," 2022.
[35]. P. L. Searle, "The Berthelot or Indophenol Reaction and Its Use in the Analytical Chemistry of Nitrogen: A Review," Analyst, vol. 109, no. 5, pp. 549-568, 1984.
[36]. N. W. Tietz, C. A. Burtis, and E. R. Ashwood, Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, 3rd ed., W. B. Saunders Company, 1986.
[37]. R. J. Henry, Clinical Chemistry Principles & Techniques, 2nd ed., Harper and Row, 1974.
[38]. C. A. Burtis and E. R. Ashwood, Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, 3rd ed., W. B. Saunders Company, 1999, pp. 490, 482, 500.
[39]. P. Fossati, L. Prencipe, and G. Berti, "Use of 3, 5-Dichloro-2-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic Acid/4-Aminophenazone Chromogenic System in Direct Enzymic Assay of Uric Acid in Serum and Urine," Clin. Chem., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 227-231, 1980.
[40]. E. A. Shawkat, S. J. Abdulrahman, and B. A. Bakr, "Assessment of the Role of Erythropoietin, Hepcidin, and Albumin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in Kirkuk-Iraq," Kirkuk J. Sci., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 7-12, 2023.
[41]. R. E. Sarhat and R. A. Mahmood, "Evaluation of Serum Concentration of Interleukins in Patients with Myocardial Infarction by ELISA Technique," Kirkuk Univ. J. Sci. Stud., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 43-51, Mar. 2018.