About Academia Open is published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo published 2 (two) issues per year (June and December). This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal aims is to provide a place for academics and practitioners to publish original research and review articles. The articles basically contains any topics research or review. Academia Open is available in online version. Language used in this journal is Indonesia or English. Article Processing Charge ACOPEN is an open access international journal. Since manuscript submission for Volume 10 number 1 June 2025, author(s) pay some processing fees IDR 850.000. The APC should be paid in 3 days max after the acceptance of manuscript. Accredited "S3" by the Ministry of Research-Technology and Higher Education Republic of Indonesia ACOPEN Officially Recognized by the Supreme Attestation Commission of Uzbekistan Abbreviation ACADEMIA OPEN (ACOPEN) DOI prefix 10.21070 by Citation Analysis SCOPUS | Web of Science | Dimension Index Services Google Scholar | Complete List ISSN (online) 2174-7444 Publisher Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo Editor in Chief Mochammad Tanzil Multazam Managing Editor Bobur Sobirov Frequency 2 (two) issues per year (June and December)
Animated Videos in English Listening Skill Development
General Background: Listening is a core receptive skill in English language learning and remains challenging for EFL learners due to limited exposure, time constraints, and difficulties in processing spoken language. Specific Background: At SMA Negeri 1 Bangil, short instructional hours and the absence of varied digital media have constrained students’ mastery of listening, particularly in understanding procedure texts. Knowledge Gap: Although audiovisual media are widely discussed, empirical classroom-based evidence on the use of animated videos for senior high school listening instruction in time-limited contexts remains limited. Aims: This study aims to examine whether the use of animated videos as learning media supports students’ English listening skill development within restricted classroom time. Results: Using a quantitative pre-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test design with tenth-grade students, the findings show a statistically significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores, supported by normality testing and a paired sample t-test with a significance value of 0.000 (<0.05). Novelty: The study provides contextual evidence from a senior high school setting where animated videos had not previously been integrated into English instruction, addressing teacher concerns about practicality and classroom time limitations. Implications: The results suggest that animated videos can serve as a practical digital learning medium to support listening instruction, offering educators an alternative strategy for delivering procedure text material and managing limited instructional time in English language classrooms. Highlights: Statistically significant score differences were identified between assessments administered before and after the learning intervention. Quantitative testing confirmed that the collected data met normality requirements for hypothesis analysis. Classroom application demonstrated the feasibility of audiovisual materials under restricted instructional time conditions. Keywords: Animated Videos, Listening Skills, English Education, Procedure Text, Digital Learning Media
Copyright (c) 2026 Dimas Agustiar Syah, Niko Fediyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Duolingo-Based Vocabulary Gains in Junior High EFL Learners
General Background Vocabulary mastery is a fundamental component of English as a Foreign Language learning and supports the development of listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills, particularly in secondary education contexts. Specific Background Alongside the growth of digital learning technologies, mobile applications such as Duolingo have been increasingly integrated into English Language Teaching due to their accessibility, gamification features, and interactive learning design. Knowledge Gap Despite growing interest, empirical classroom-based evidence focusing specifically on junior high school students’ vocabulary mastery using Duolingo remains limited, especially within Indonesian EFL settings employing structured pre-test and post-test measurement. Aims This study aimed to examine whether the use of Duolingo as a digital learning medium contributes to measurable improvement in English vocabulary mastery among seventh-grade students. Results Using a quantitative pre-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test design involving 32 junior high school students, statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores, with a Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.000, indicating notable vocabulary improvement after Duolingo-based instruction. Novelty The study provides focused empirical evidence on vocabulary mastery outcomes from Duolingo-supported instruction at the junior high school level within a classroom-based EFL context. Implications The findings suggest that Duolingo can serve as a supportive digital medium for vocabulary learning in secondary EFL classrooms and offer a practical reference for educators integrating mobile-assisted language learning into formal instruction. Highlights: Statistically significant score differences were observed between pre-test and post-test measurements. Learner engagement increased during gamified digital learning sessions. Mobile application use supported structured vocabulary practice in classroom instruction. Keywords: Duolingo, Vocabulary Mastery, EFL Learning, Junior High School, Mobile Assisted Language Learning
Copyright (c) 2026 Naurah Nabzifa, Niko Fediyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Junior High School Science Teachers Supporting Independent Curriculum Transition
General Background: Educational reform in Indonesia has introduced the Merdeka Curriculum, requiring substantive adjustments in teaching practices at the junior high school level. Specific Background: Science learning under this curriculum emphasizes student-centered approaches, differentiated learning, and character development aligned with the Pancasila Student Profile, positioning science teachers as key actors during the transition period. Knowledge Gap: Empirical evidence detailing how junior high school science teachers enact their roles during the Merdeka Curriculum transition remains limited, particularly within specific school contexts. Aims: This study aims to analyze the roles of science teachers in facilitating the transition to the Merdeka Curriculum at SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Sidoarjo. Results: Using a qualitative case study design with observation, documentation, and interviews, the findings indicate that science teachers have understood and implemented the curriculum, acting as facilitators, motivators, and innovators. Supporting infrastructure, differentiated instruction, and inter-teacher collaboration supported implementation, while differences in student mindsets were identified but did not substantially obstruct learning processes. Novelty: The study provides contextualized insights into science teacher practices during the early phase of Merdeka Curriculum implementation in a junior high school setting. Implications: These findings underscore the central role of science teachers in curriculum transition processes and offer practical considerations for schools and policymakers in supporting curriculum adaptation and character-oriented science learning. Highlights: Science educators demonstrated curriculum comprehension and active classroom application during the transition phase. Institutional facilities and collegial collaboration supported differentiated science learning practices. Variations in learner mindsets emerged but did not constitute major obstacles in classroom implementation. Keywords: Science Teacher, Merdeka Curriculum, Differentiated Learning, Curriculum Transition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eva Susiana Agustin, Septi Budi Sartika https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Management of Junior High School Science Laboratory for Students’ Practical Activities
General Background: Science laboratories are essential educational facilities supporting practical activities that connect scientific concepts with hands-on experiences in junior high schools. Specific Background: Effective laboratory management is required to ensure systematic planning, organization, implementation, and evaluation of science practicum activities within school contexts. Knowledge Gap: Despite the availability of laboratory facilities, detailed descriptions of how laboratory management is practically implemented at the junior high school level remain limited, particularly regarding administrative consistency, safety facilities, and evaluation mechanisms. Aims: This study aims to describe the management of a science laboratory in a private junior high school in Sidoarjo as it relates to students’ practical activities. Results: Using a qualitative case study approach, findings indicate that laboratory management has been implemented consistently in planning, organizing, and conducting practicum activities, involving curriculum units, laboratory managers, and science teachers. Practicum schedules were stable, organizational structures were formally established, and practicum implementation followed planned procedures with documented inventories and student reports. However, weaknesses were identified in documentation completeness, flexibility of planning revisions, systematic tool borrowing records, adequacy of safety equipment, and laboratory-specific evaluation forums. Novelty: This study provides an in-depth empirical description of integrated laboratory management practices and their operational challenges within a private junior high school context. Implications: The findings highlight the need for improved administrative documentation, strengthened safety management, and more focused evaluation mechanisms to support sustainable science laboratory operations and practice-based science learning. HighlightS: Laboratory planning and practicum scheduling were conducted collaboratively and applied consistently throughout the academic year. Organizational structures and practicum implementation procedures were formally established but lacked comprehensive administrative records. Evaluation and monitoring were responsive at the school level, yet laboratory-focused reporting and safety provisions remained limited. Keywords: Laboratory Management, Science Practicum, Students, Learning
Copyright (c) 2026 Ira Puspita, Ria Wulandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Social Media Based Andragogical Learning in Islamic Religious Education
*]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:67039cc5-5b23-4b76-9d88-4a544f736f04-3" data-testid="conversation-turn-2" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> General Background: The rapid development of digital technology in the Industry 4.0 era has transformed educational practices, including Islamic Religious Education, which is increasingly required to adapt to technology-mediated learning environments. Specific Background: Social media platforms provide flexible and participatory learning spaces that are particularly suitable for adult learners when aligned with andragogical principles, although challenges remain in maintaining instructional quality and Islamic values. Knowledge Gap: Despite widespread use of social media in education, limited scholarly attention has been given to its integration with andragogy within Islamic Religious Education. Aims: This study aims to examine the integration of social media-based learning with an andragogical approach in Islamic Religious Education in the digital era. Results: The findings indicate that social media platforms such as Instagram, YouTube, and WhatsApp facilitate self-directed, experience-based, and problem-centered learning, while challenges include low digital literacy, misinformation, and the preservation of Islamic values. Novelty: This study presents a novel synthesis of andragogical theory and social media application specifically within Islamic Religious Education. Implications: The results provide practical guidance for educators to formulate clear social media usage guidelines, promote interactive learning environments, and strengthen digital literacy while adhering to Islamic teachings. Highlights • Social media supports self-directed and experience-based Islamic learning for adult learners • Andragogical principles align with interactive features of digital learning platforms • Digital literacy and value preservation remain central challenges in online Islamic education Keywords Islamic Religious Education; Social Media Learning; Andragogical Approach; Digital Era Education; Adult Learning
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamad Al Hakim; Aceng Aminullah, Elsa Selvia Febriani, Muhamad Zaenal Arifin, Yasmin Athira Hasania, Selamet Selamet https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategic Management Strengthens Sustainable Educational Tourism Schools and Student Environmental Entrepreneurship
Educational tourism programs embedded in schools are increasingly promoted to deliver experiential learning, yet many institutions struggle to sustain them amid limited resources, uneven stakeholder commitment, and weak strategic alignment. This study aims to explain how strategic management practices enable sustainable educational tourism schools while strengthening student character education and environmental entrepreneurship. Using a qualitative multiple-case design, data were collected in two junior high schools implementing educational tourism initiatives through semi-structured interviews with school leaders, teachers, students, parents, and program teams, complemented by onsite observations and document analysis. Thematic analysis indicates that program sustainability is achieved through a participatory strategic management cycle that integrates vision-driven planning, structured implementation with clear task allocation, and periodic evaluation used for continuous adjustment. Empirically, the programs improve students’ environmental literacy, creativity, responsibility, and entrepreneurial orientation through hands-on activities such as eco-farming, waste-to-resource practices, and student-managed production units. A key novelty of this study is its comparative, end-to-end mapping of strategic management processes across two educational tourism school models, demonstrating how adaptive evaluation and stakeholder collaboration jointly compensate for constraints in funding and human resources. The findings advance theory by linking strategic management cycles to experiential character learning outcomes, and they inform policy and practice by recommending stronger cross-sector partnerships, capacity development for teachers and students, and data-informed monitoring to institutionalize sustainable educational tourism in secondary education. Highlights: Participatory strategic management offsets resource constraints through multi-stakeholder collaboration. Continuous evaluation strengthens program sustainability and accelerates learning innovation. Educational tourism improves environmental literacy, creativity, and student entrepreneurship. Keywords: Strategic Management, Educational Tourism, Stakeholder Collaboration, Character Education, Environmental Entrepreneurship
Copyright (c) 2025 Indri Ribbut Aprilla, Amrozi Khamidi, Mohammad Syahidul Haq, Muhammad Sholeh , Kaniati Amalia , Rusijono Rusijono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Sasak Folktale-Based Animated Audiovisuals to Improve Storytelling and Literacy Skills in Early Childhood
Early childhood literacy and storytelling skills are critical foundations for later academic achievement, yet many learning environments remain constrained by monotonous instructional practices and limited culturally responsive media. This study addresses this gap by examining the impact of animated folklore as an innovative learning medium for early childhood education. The aim of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of folklore-based animated audiovisuals in improving literacy and storytelling skills among young children. The study employs a research and development approach using the ADDIE framework, involving expert validation and field implementation. Empirical data were collected from 65 kindergarten children aged 5–6 years across small-scale and large-scale trials, using observation instruments, questionnaires, and pretest–posttest assessments. Quantitative analysis included descriptive statistics, N-Gain scores, and paired-sample t-tests. The results demonstrate substantial improvements in both literacy and storytelling outcomes after exposure to the animated folklore intervention, with medium-to-high learning gains and statistically significant differences between pretest and posttest scores. The media achieved high validity and practicality ratings from experts, teachers, and learners, indicating strong instructional quality and classroom feasibility. The novelty of this study lies in its integration of culturally grounded animated folklore as a systematic pedagogical tool that simultaneously strengthens narrative competence and early literacy skills. The findings contribute to early childhood education theory by reinforcing the role of culturally responsive digital media in language development, while offering practical implications for educators and policymakers seeking scalable, engaging strategies to enhance foundational literacy and storytelling in early learning contexts. Highlights: Animated folklore significantly improves early childhood literacy and storytelling performance Culturally responsive animation increases learner engagement and narrative competence Digital storytelling media provides effective, scalable support for early childhood education Keywords: Early Childhood Literacy, Storytelling Skills, Animated Folklore, Culturally Responsive Learning, Audiovisual Education
Copyright (c) 2025 Azalia Rizkini Pratiwi, Fahruddin Fahruddin, Moh. Irawan Zain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Islamic Education Management in the Formation of Children's Morals in Elementary Madrasahs: The Influence of Digital Media on Character Education
General Background Islamic education in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah holds a foundational role in cultivating children’s moral character and spiritual values from an early age. Specific Background The rapid expansion of digital media has reshaped students’ behaviors, learning patterns, and sources of moral reference, creating tensions between classroom-based Islamic character education and unregulated digital exposure. Knowledge Gap Existing studies rarely integrate Islamic education management, character formation, and digital media challenges within a single comprehensive framework at the elementary madrasah level. Aims This study aims to examine Islamic education management in relation to children’s moral formation amid digital disruption and to formulate an adaptive management model aligned with Islamic values. Results Using a qualitative literature review, the findings identify a misalignment between moral instruction in schools and students’ digital environments, contributing to ethical vulnerability. The study formulates a Digital-Era Adaptive Islamic Education Management Model consisting of five pillars: Islamic digital moral-literacy curriculum, teachers as ethical digital role models, innovative and controlled digital learning, holistic school–parent partnerships, and authentic character-based evaluation. Novelty The novelty lies in the integrative management model that systematically combines Islamic educational principles with digital-era character challenges. Implications The model provides a strategic managerial framework for Madrasah Ibtidaiyah to harmonize technological engagement with moral and spiritual reinforcement, supporting sustainable character formation in the digital era. Highlights: Managerial misalignment exists between school moral instruction and students’ digital experiences. Five integrated strategic pillars structure adaptive management for moral development. Collaborative roles of teachers, parents, and schools are central to sustaining children’s ethics. Keywords: Islamic Education Management, Digital Media, Character Education
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurmala Fadhilah Jaya, Hasanah Fitriya, Nur Rois, Yusuf Nur Ubaidillah, Sukarman Sukarman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Validity of Imam Shafi‘i, Criticism, and the Influence of Yahya Bin Ma’in's Accusations on the Weakness of Transmission in Hadith Chains
General Background: Imam Shafi‘i is widely recognized as a leading mujtahid and a major authority in Islamic jurisprudence and hadith scholarship, whose narrations have long been referenced in classical Islamic sciences. Specific Background: Despite this recognition, certain criticisms—most notably attributed to Yahya bin Ma‘in—questioned Imam Shafi‘i’s reliability as a hadith transmitter, particularly regarding sanad assessment within the tradition of jarh wa ta‘dil. Knowledge Gap: These accusations have often been cited without systematic evaluation against broader scholarly consensus and established methodological principles of hadith criticism. Aims: This study aims to reassess Yahya bin Ma‘in’s accusations and examine their standing within jarh wa ta‘dil, focusing on whether they undermine Imam Shafi‘i’s status as a thiqah narrator. Results: Based on qualitative library research and comparative analysis of classical sources, the study finds that the accusations lack substantiated grounds, are contradicted by other authenticated statements from Yahya bin Ma‘in himself, and are outweighed by extensive scholarly endorsement of Imam Shafi‘i’s reliability. Novelty: The article provides a structured clarification that situates isolated criticism within the wider epistemological framework of hadith sciences, emphasizing scholarly consensus and narrator reputation. Implications: These findings reaffirm Imam Shafi‘i’s authority in hadith transmission and offer a methodological reference for addressing contested evaluations of narrators in Islamic scholarship. Highlights: Accusations against Imam Shafi‘i lack methodological consistency when examined through classical hadith principles. Scholarly consensus affirms his status as a trustworthy narrator despite isolated critiques. Omission from certain canonical compilations does not constitute evidence of unreliability. Keywords: Imam Shafi‘I, Hadith Transmission, Jarh wa Ta‘dil, Sanad Criticism, Yahya bin Ma‘in
Copyright (c) 2025 Mas Hasan Rifqi, Amaliyah Widya Mahanani, Afro’ Anzali Nurizzati Arifah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration of Psychology and Islamic Education in Internalizing Exemplary Values through Historical Figures of Islam
General Background: Islamic education aspires to develop learners’ character alongside knowledge through the internalization of divine values. Specific Background: In History of Islamic Culture learning, Islamic historical figures are often taught as biographical content and chronology rather than as lived moral exemplars, contributing to a gap between cognitive knowledge and noble conduct. Knowledge Gap: A conceptual framework is needed that unites educational psychology with Islamic educational concepts to explain both the learning mechanisms and the spiritual orientation of exemplary learning. Aims: This article formulates an integrative conceptual model between psychology and Islamic education to support exemplary value internalization through Islamic historical figures. Results: Using library research and descriptive-analytical synthesis, the study proposes a three-stage framework: a cognitive stage combining information processing theory with tadabbur for deep understanding; an affective stage aligning humanistic empathy with tazkiyatun nafs to build emotional attachment; and a conative/behavioral stage integrating shaping and reinforcement with ittibaʾ to realize values in concrete actions. Novelty: The framework synthesizes psychological stages of learning with Islamic spiritual concepts into a holistic pathway that shifts Islamic Cultural History from knowledge transfer to value-oriented character formation. Implications: The model calls for teachers as facilitators and living role models, participative-reflective methods, and authentic, holistic assessment of learners’ value-oriented behavior. Highlights: A triadic pathway connects information processing with tadabbur to deepen understanding of historical narratives. Empathic learning conditions are paired with tazkiyatun nafs to cultivate emotional attachment and reflective practice. Shaping and reinforcement are linked with ittibaʾ to translate moral lessons into sustained daily actions and authentic assessment. Keywords: Value Internalization, Role Modeling, Educational Psychology, Islamic Education, Islamic Cultural History
Copyright (c) 2025 Jamilatus Zahroh, Abdul Muhid, Arif Ainur Rofiq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reducing Academic Stress through Autonomy Fulfillment: A Self Determination Theory Solution in the Context of Students' Cognitive Load
General Background Academic stress has emerged as a critical issue in contemporary education, with increasing learning demands and structural pressures contributing to students’ psychological strain. Specific Background Cognitive Load Theory explains that excessive academic demands, arising from material complexity, task accumulation, and inefficient instructional design, exceed students’ working memory capacity and intensify stress, while educational policies and curriculum structures at the exosystem level further reinforce this burden. Knowledge Gap Existing studies predominantly examine academic stress through isolated internal or external factors, with limited integration of cognitive load, exosystem structures, and autonomy within a unified analytical framework. Aims This study aims to explain the role of cognitive load in the emergence of academic stress, analyze exosystem factors that exacerbate learning burden, and evaluate autonomy fulfillment within Self-Determination Theory as a strategy for reducing academic pressure. Results The findings indicate that excessive cognitive load significantly contributes to academic stress, while dense curricula, rigid schedules, and assessment policies intensify this condition; autonomy-supportive learning environments reduce extraneous cognitive load and strengthen students’ self-regulation in managing academic demands. Novelty This study integrates Cognitive Load Theory, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological perspective, and Self-Determination Theory to provide a comprehensive explanation of academic stress. Implications The findings highlight the necessity of flexible curriculum design, autonomy-supportive instructional practices, and policy reform to promote students’ mental well-being and sustainable learning environments. Highlights: Excessive learning demands and structural academic arrangements are closely associated with heightened psychological strain. Policy-level curriculum density and assessment practices contribute to sustained mental burden among learners. Learner choice and self-regulation function as protective mechanisms against accumulated academic pressure. Keywords: Academic Stres, Autonomy, Self Determination, Cognitive Load.
Copyright (c) 2025 Labibah Sayaka Ilma, Abdul Muhid, Arif Ainur Rofiq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Instilling Social Care Character in Children Aged 4–5 Years Through the IHF 9 Character Pillars Book
General Background Character education in early childhood is a critical foundation for developing prosocial behavior, particularly helping behavior as part of social-emotional development. Specific Background In Indonesian early childhood education settings, many children aged 4–5 years still demonstrate low initiative in sharing, cooperating, and assisting peers, partly due to the absence of structured and systematic learning media. Knowledge Gap Although the Indonesia Heritage Foundation (IHF) 9 Character Pillars Book is widely recognized in practice, empirical studies focusing on its use as a single, structured medium to instill the value of helping others remain limited. Aims This study aims to analyze the implementation process and outcomes of using the IHF 9 Character Pillars Book to cultivate helping behavior among Group A children aged 4–5 years in a formal early childhood education context. Results Using a descriptive qualitative case study approach at RA Al-Falah Tuban, the findings indicate that staged implementation of the IHF book—integrated into daily learning activities—was associated with observable improvements in children’s willingness to help, share, and participate in cooperative tasks, with the proportion of children demonstrating spontaneous helping behavior increasing from initial observations to the end of the intervention period. Novelty This study provides in-depth evidence on the use of a standardized character education book as a focused medium for instilling helping values in early childhood. Implications The findings offer a practical, structured model for teachers to integrate story-based character education into routine classroom practices, while highlighting the importance of consistency between school and home environments. Highlights: Staged classroom integration of character storybooks supported observable growth in children’s prosocial actions. Teacher-guided reflection and role play facilitated the internalization of care and cooperation values. Consistency between educational settings and home practices emerged as a key supporting condition. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Character Education, Helping Behavior, IHF 9 Character Pillars, Storybook Media
Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Indahyani, Kartika Rinakit Adhe, Wulan Patria Saroinsong, Nurul Istiq’faroh, Andi Kristanto, Sayhidul Haq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Obstacle in Elementary Education Classroom Management Barriers in Managing Elementary School Classrooms
General Background: Classroom management is central to the success of learning processes, particularly in elementary education where learners undergo social, emotional, and moral development. Specific Background: Managing classroom dynamics and sustaining student engagement are complex in primary schooling because rule recognition, peer interaction, and discipline formation are still developing. Knowledge Gap: Although classroom management strategies are widely discussed, research detailing contextual obstacles in primary education remains limited and often prioritizes solution-oriented training without sufficiently examining underlying causes of management failure. Aims: This study identifies and analyzes obstacles in elementary classroom management and formulates conceptual recommendations for a conducive, productive, and sustainable learning environment. Results: Using a descriptive qualitative library research approach, the study finds that obstacles are multidimensional, stemming from teacher-related conditions (e.g., authoritarian leadership, monotonous instruction, limited knowledge, weak teacher–student rapport), student-related conditions (e.g., inconsistent behavior, low task responsibility, rule-breaking), family environment (parenting styles shaping discipline and motivation), and learning facilities (limited space, overcrowding, inadequate learning media and tools). These conditions reduce learning quality and contribute to less conducive classroom situations. Novelty: The article consolidates a contextual, factor-based mapping of primary education classroom management obstacles and aligns them with categorized handling domains (teacher authority, school authority, and issues requiring wider stakeholder involvement). Implications: Preventive, corrective, and curative actions—supported by collaboration among teachers, schools, committees, and parents—are indicated as essential pathways for addressing obstacles and guiding policy and strategy formulation in elementary education. Highlights: Obstacles originate from teacher-related conditions, learner conduct, family environment, and school facilities. These obstacles contribute to less conducive learning situations and reduced learning quality. Handling pathways include preventive action, corrective action, curative action, and coordination with school committees and parents. Keywords: Classroom Management, Elementary Education, Teacher Factors, Student Behavior, Learning Facilities
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizqiatin Rosa, Nur Annisa Istifarin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Teacher-Facilitated Plugged Coding for Early Childhood Computational Thinking
General Background Early childhood education is increasingly required to respond to digital transformation by integrating technology-based learning experiences that support foundational cognitive skills. Specific Background One emerging approach is plugged coding, which introduces basic programming concepts through digital devices in play-based classroom activities for children aged 5–6 years. Knowledge Gap Despite growing attention to coding in early childhood, limited empirical evidence explains how teacher roles, readiness, and pedagogical strategies shape the development of computational thinking within real classroom contexts, particularly under practical digital constraints. Aims This study aims to examine the implementation of plugged coding learning in early childhood education and to analyze the role of teachers in supporting children’s computational thinking development. Results Using a descriptive qualitative case study at a public kindergarten, findings show that children demonstrated indicators of computational thinking, including sequencing, pattern recognition, and initial debugging, while teachers employed scaffolding strategies such as prompting questions, visual demonstrations, and guided reflection. However, variations in teacher readiness and challenges related to device availability, technical issues, and screen-time management were evident. Novelty This study provides an in-depth qualitative account of teacher-mediated plugged coding practices aligned with a play-based curriculum in an authentic early childhood setting. Implications The findings underscore the importance of continuous teacher training, adequate digital infrastructure, and pedagogically appropriate learning media to support sustainable integration of plugged coding in early childhood education. Highlights: Children demonstrated sequencing, pattern recognition, and basic error correction during technology-supported activities. Pedagogical scaffolding and play-based design were central to guiding learning processes. Limited devices and teacher digital readiness shaped classroom implementation strategies. Keywords: Computational Thinking, Early Childhood Education, Plugged Coding, Teacher Role, Digital Learning
Copyright (c) 2026 Fifi Syara Wahyu, Mallevi Agustin Ningrum, Yes Matheos Lasarus Malaikosa, Andi Kristanto, Nurul Istiq'faroh, Mohammad Syahidul Haq, Ruqoyyah Fitri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Technology-Based Methods and Resources in Contemporary Language Learning
General Background: The integration of technology has fundamentally transformed language learning paradigms, particularly within ESL, ESP, and L2 contexts. Specific Background: Since the emergence of PLATO systems in the 1960s, technological evolution has progressively incorporated hardware, software, and internet-based solutions into language pedagogy. Knowledge Gap: Despite substantial technological advancement, critical issues persist regarding pedagogically appropriate application, adequate teacher preparation, and strategic tool selection aligned with specific linguistic competencies and learning objectives. Aims: This study examines the historical trajectory of technology in language learning, categorizes technological tools, and evaluates their pedagogical effectiveness across different language skills. Results: Findings reveal that hardware components (auditory and visual tools) and software categories (CAI, CALL, ICALL, WBLL, MALL) demonstrate distinct contributions to listening, speaking, reading, and vocabulary acquisition, with applications such as Duolingo, Babbel, and Rosetta Stone showing progressive development. Novelty: This research synthesizes historical, theoretical, and practical dimensions to analyze the interaction between technological innovation, linguistic theories, teaching standards, and emerging digital learning ecosystems. Implications: Effective technology integration necessitates evidence-based pedagogical approaches, explicit implementation frameworks, and comprehensive teacher training to ensure that digital tools enhance rather than merely supplement traditional language instruction. Highlight : div]:bg-bg-000/50 [&_pre>div]:border-0.5 [&_pre>div]:border-border-400 [&_.ignore-pre-bg>div]:bg-transparent [&_.standard-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pl-2 [&_.standard-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,ul,ol,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pr-8 [&_.progressive-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pl-2 [&_.progressive-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,ul,ol,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pr-8"> _*]:min-w-0 standard-markdown"> Technology has transformed language learning from PLATO systems in the 1960s to current mobile applications and virtual platforms. Technological tools divide into hardware (sound and visual tools) and software (CAI, CALL, ICALL, WBLL, MALL) for developing specific linguistic skills. Effective technology integration requires evidence-based pedagogy, systematic implementation, and adequate teacher training to support language instruction. Keywords : Technology in Language Learning, Computer-assisted Language Learning (CALL), Mobile-assisted Language Learning (MALL), Language Learning Applications, Digital Language Pedagogy
Copyright (c) 2025 Khamzakulova Shakhnoza Khudayar Kizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Correlation Between Islamic Education and Islamic Law in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review
General Background Islamic education in Indonesia functions not only as a means of transmitting religious knowledge but also as a medium for cultivating moral values, legal awareness, and social behavior within Muslim society. Specific Background Within Indonesia’s pluralistic legal and educational landscape, Islamic education and Islamic law coexist and interact across formal institutions, community settings, and national educational frameworks. Knowledge Gap Despite extensive scholarship on Islamic education and Islamic law as separate domains, their interrelationship in the Indonesian context has not been systematically synthesized. Aims This study aims to examine scholarly patterns, themes, and perspectives concerning the relationship between Islamic education and Islamic law in Indonesia through a Systematic Literature Review. Results The review of six studies published between 2024 and 2025 reveals that Islamic education serves as a primary channel for internalizing Islamic legal principles through formal instruction, character education, and ethical habituation, while Islamic law provides a normative foundation shaping curricula, pedagogical orientations, and moral objectives. The findings also indicate a reciprocal relationship that contributes to legal consciousness, ethical behavior, family legal knowledge, and sociocultural practices. Novelty This study offers an integrated synthesis that positions Islamic education and Islamic law as mutually reinforcing systems rather than isolated fields. Implications Strengthening their integration is essential for fostering moral integrity, legal awareness, and social harmony within Indonesia’s contemporary educational and sociocultural environment. Highlights: Islamic learning environments function as primary spaces for the internalization of normative legal principles. Normative legal frameworks guide curriculum orientation and ethical objectives within religious schooling. Reciprocal educational–legal interaction supports moral development and social cohesion in plural contexts. Keywords: Islamic Education, Islamic Law, Legal Awareness, Character Education, Systematic Literature Review
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamad Erihadiana, Muhammad Ridwan Aziz, Ayi Dini Purwandi, Dwi Haryanto Hamdani, Fardan Abdul Basith https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Existence of Islamic Boarding School in The Internalization of Religious Moderation Values: A Systematic Literature Review
General Background: Religious life in Indonesia faces increasing challenges marked by intolerance, extremism, and digital radicalization within a pluralistic society. Specific Background: Islamic boarding schools (pesantren), as long-established Islamic educational institutions, have historically integrated religious teachings, local wisdom, and national values through holistic educational traditions. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive discussions on religious moderation, a comprehensive synthesis of empirical evidence on how pesantren internalize religious moderation values remains limited. Aims: This study aims to systematically examine the existence and role of pesantren in internalizing religious moderation values in Indonesia. Results: Based on a Systematic Literature Review of seventeen peer-reviewed articles published between 2021 and 2025, the findings indicate that pesantren internalize religious moderation through epistemological foundations of wasatiyyah, integrative curricula, exemplary kyai leadership, communal daily practices, and adaptive engagement with digital media, contributing to social cohesion and national unity. Novelty: This study presents a consolidated conceptual understanding of pesantren as epistemic, pedagogical, and socio-cultural ecosystems for religious moderation. Implications: The findings highlight pesantren as strategic socio-religious institutions capable of sustaining moderate, inclusive, and tolerant religious life while reinforcing national integrity amid globalization and digital transformation. Highlights: Pesantren operate as holistic educational ecosystems embedding moderation through lived religious and social practices. Integrative curricula, moral leadership, and digital engagement support balanced religious-national identities. Moderation-oriented education within pesantren contributes to social cohesion and protection against radical narratives. Keywords: Islamic Boarding Schools, Religious Moderation, Pesantren Education, National Unity, Systematic Literature Review
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamad Erihadiana; Mahmud Mahmud; Rusman Nurdiansyah, Sofwan Gozali, Raka Akhmad Hilman Nurwahyu, Nurjaman Wahyu Ramdani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Epistemological Foundations of Science and Technology in Islam: A Literature Review
General Background: Epistemology constitutes a foundational dimension in the construction, validation, and transmission of scientific knowledge, shaping research methodologies, educational paradigms, and ethical orientations across disciplines. Specific Background: Within Islamic intellectual tradition, epistemology integrates revelation, reason, and spiritual insight, historically contributing to global knowledge development, particularly during the Abbasid era through translation, synthesis, and scientific inquiry. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive historical contributions, systematic articulation of how Islamic epistemological models relate to contemporary science and technology remains underexplored in modern academic discourse. Aims: This study examines the epistemological foundations of knowledge and technology in Islam through a qualitative library-based analysis of classical and contemporary sources. Results: The findings demonstrate that Islamic epistemology is structured around authoritative sources and three complementary modes of knowing—bayānī, burhānī, and ʿirfānī—forming an integrated framework that guides scientific reasoning, educational curricula, and ethical considerations. Novelty: The study consolidates diverse Islamic epistemic principles into a coherent analytical model that positions Islamic epistemology as a holistic alternative to dominant empirical paradigms. Implications: This integrated framework offers a conceptual basis for aligning modern scientific and technological development with moral and spiritual values, supporting ethically grounded scholarship and sustainable intellectual engagement with modernity. Highlights: Islamic knowledge construction is grounded in an integrated system combining textual authority, rational inquiry, and spiritual insight. Historical Islamic scholarship provided foundational structures for global scientific development through synthesis and translation. Contemporary scientific discourse can be situated within an Islamic moral and epistemic framework without abandoning rigor. Keywords: Islamic Epistemology, Science and Technology, Philosophy of Science, Islamic Education, Knowledge Systems
Copyright (c) 2026 Syarip Syarip, Zuhdiyah Zuhdiyah, Maryamah Maryamah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Students’ Speaking Development Through Word Adventure Game-Based Learning
General Background Game-based language learning has increasingly been adopted in English as a Foreign Language classrooms to support speaking practice through interactive digital environments. Specific Background One such approach is the use of Word Adventure, a gamified learning tool designed to simulate real-life communication scenarios for junior high school learners. Knowledge Gap Previous studies on game-based language learning have largely emphasized learning outcomes, while limited attention has been given to learners’ own perspectives, particularly in contexts with constrained internet access. Aims This study aimed to explore how Word Adventure supports the development of students’ speaking skills and to examine students’ perceptions and experiences when using the game in EFL instruction. Results Using a qualitative descriptive design, data from semi-structured interviews with four seventh-grade students revealed increased motivation, confidence, fluency, and contextual language use, alongside heightened enjoyment and collaborative learning, although technical and conceptual challenges were reported. Novelty This study provides learner-centered qualitative evidence on an online–offline accessible game-based tool by foregrounding students’ lived experiences in speaking practice. Implications The findings suggest that Word Adventure can serve as a practical alternative for fostering speaking development and learner engagement in junior high EFL contexts with limited technological infrastructure. Highlights: Learners reported stronger engagement and willingness to participate in oral practice. Repetitive interactive tasks supported smoother and faster oral production. Narrative-driven activities encouraged cooperation and meaningful classroom interaction. Keywords: Game-Based Language Learning, Speaking Skills, Student Perceptions, EFL Classroom
Copyright (c) 2026 Salsabila Umi Nur Fajria, Dwi Fita Heriyawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Utilizing Integrated Marketing Strategies to Enhance the Competitiveness of Higher Education Institutions
The intensifying competition in the global higher education market has compelled higher education institutions to move beyond traditional promotional practices and adopt integrated marketing strategies that address credibility, differentiation, and stakeholder expectations. This study aims to examine how integrated marketing strategies, combining the traditional marketing mix with public trust and strategic partnerships, contribute to enhancing the competitiveness of higher education institutions. The research employed a mixed-methods design using survey data collected from 146 respondents, including students, parents, and administrative staff from higher education institutions in the Bukhara region. The data were analyzed systematically through SWOT and STEPLED frameworks to capture internal capabilities and external environmental dynamics influencing institutional competitiveness. The findings demonstrate that integrated marketing strategies significantly strengthen institutional competitiveness by improving brand image, reinforcing public trust, and supporting sustainable strategic positioning. Digital marketing adoption, alumni engagement, and inter-institutional partnerships emerged as key drivers of competitive advantage, while limitations in professional marketing capacity and financial resources remained critical challenges. The novelty of this study lies in empirically integrating public trust and strategic partnerships into the classical marketing mix within a unified analytical model tailored to a transitional higher education context. The results provide theoretical contributions to higher education marketing literature and offer practical and policy-relevant implications for university leaders seeking to design evidence-based, sustainable marketing strategies that enhance competitiveness in both regional and international higher education markets. Keywords : Integrated Higher Education Marketing, Institutional Competitiveness, Public Trust Governance, Strategic University Partnerships, Institutional Brand Reputation Highlight : *]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:518f9d2a-c6e3-4e6b-b42f-e01d0767ef02-0" data-testid="conversation-turn-2" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> Integrated marketing, public trust, and partnerships jointly strengthen higher education institutional competitiveness. Brand image and public trust directly shape stakeholder perceptions and student choice decisions. Digital marketing adoption and strategic partnerships consistently improve institutional positioning in competitive education markets.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shakhlo Raupovna Ruziyeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Parental Supervision Strategies for Reducing Gadget Addiction in Elementary Children
General Background: Rapid technological development has increased gadget use among children, creating risks for academic, social, and physical development. Specific Background: In RT 004, Pesu Village, Magetan, many elementary school-aged children frequently engage in prolonged mobile phone gaming, often with limited parental supervision. Knowledge Gap: Although parents recognize negative outcomes such as addiction, reduced learning focus, and declining social interaction, consistent and firm parental guidance remains insufficiently implemented. Aims: This study aimed to describe the role of parents in addressing the negative impacts of gadget use among SD/MI children in Pesu Village. Results: Using descriptive qualitative methods through observation, interviews, and documentation, findings showed that parental roles were relatively low, despite efforts such as setting time limits, supervising usage, encouraging peer interaction, selecting safe content, modeling responsible gadget behavior, and balancing screen time with other activities. However, inconsistent monitoring and permissive attitudes increased children’s vulnerability to gadget addiction and developmental problems. Novelty: The study highlights specific parental strategies applied within a rural community context where children’s gadget use is socially concentrated and difficult to control. Implications: Strengthening parental consistency, discipline, and cooperation with schools and communities is essential to reduce gadget-related risks and support healthier child development in the digital era. Highlights: Parents applied time scheduling, content selection, and direct monitoring to manage children’s screen habits Inconsistent discipline and permissive practices increased risks of reduced learning focus, social withdrawal, and health complaints Community-based challenges required stronger collaboration between families, schools, and local environments Keywords: Parental Role, Gadget, Technology Addiction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nikmah Hidayatul Khasanah, Dea Rakhimafa Wulandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preservation of Javanese Language in Islamic Boarding School Learning as a Strengthener of the Paradigm of Conservatism and Traditionalism in Islamic Education
General Background: Regional languages play a crucial role in shaping cultural identity and educational traditions within Indonesian Islamic institutions. Specific Background: In traditional Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) in Java, the Javanese language has long functioned as a medium for learning classical Islamic texts, moral education, and daily interaction, particularly within salafiyah pesantren. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive discussions on pesantren and local culture, limited scholarly attention has been given to Javanese language preservation as a core mechanism reinforcing conservatism and traditionalism in Islamic education amid modernization. Aims: This study aims to examine how the preservation of the Javanese language in pesantren learning practices strengthens paradigms of conservatism and traditionalism in Islamic education. Results: Using a qualitative case study approach in three traditional pesantren in Central Java, the findings show that Javanese functions as a pedagogical medium, a transmitter of adab, hierarchy, and scholarly authority, and a cultural strategy to maintain traditional Islamic values. Novelty: This study positions Javanese language preservation not merely as cultural maintenance but as an epistemological foundation sustaining conservative and traditional Islamic educational paradigms. Implications: The findings highlight the importance of integrating local language preservation into Islamic education policies to sustain moral formation, cultural identity, and continuity of classical Islamic traditions alongside selective educational adaptation. Highlights: Javanese serves as a primary medium for transmitting classical Islamic knowledge and moral values. Language practices reinforce hierarchy, adab, and scholarly authority within boarding school communities. Linguistic maintenance operates as a cultural strategy amid educational modernization pressures. Keywords : Javanese Language Preservation, Pesantren Education, Islamic Conservatism, Educational Traditionalism, Local Culture
Copyright (c) 2026 Zakiya Very Ayu Suryatina, Muhlisin Muhlisin, M. Sugeng Solehudin, Fatah Syukur, Asnalia Rokhmah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy in Elementary Social Attitude Formation
General Background: Elementary education in multicultural societies requires pedagogical approaches that address cultural diversity while supporting social attitude development. Specific Background: Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy positions students’ cultural identities as central resources within learning processes and school culture. Knowledge Gap: Limited empirical studies document how this pedagogical approach is practiced holistically in Indonesian elementary schools and how it relates to students’ social attitudes. Aims: This study examines the application of Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy, the roles of school leaders and teachers, and implementation constraints in shaping students’ social attitudes at SD Pedagogia Labschool FIP UNY. Results: Using a qualitative case study design, findings indicate that culturally based learning activities and school programs are integrated across classroom instruction and daily practices, fostering empathy, cooperation, tolerance, and mutual respect among students from diverse backgrounds. School principals contribute through policy formulation and cultural school leadership, while teachers function as facilitators and role models of social values. Identified constraints include limited instructional time and diverse student characteristics, addressed through adaptive time management, collaborative teaching, and reinforcement of school culture. Novelty: This study presents a comprehensive illustration of culturally sustaining practices embedded simultaneously in curriculum, school programs, and institutional culture at the elementary level. Implications: The findings provide practical reference for developing culturally grounded learning models that support social attitude formation within multicultural elementary education contexts. Highlights • Integration of culture-based learning practices supports daily social interaction among diverse students • School leadership and teacher collaboration sustain culturally grounded educational practices • Institutional culture functions as a medium for social attitude development in elementary education Keywords Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy; Social Attitude Formation; Multicultural Elementary Education; School Culture; Qualitative Case Study
Copyright (c) 2026 Khusnul Phathona, Agus Basuki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hybrid Book Integrating Rumah Tuo Local Wisdom for Civic Education
General Background: Civic Education learning in Elementary School Teacher Education programs remains dominated by conventional teaching materials that are insufficiently contextual and weakly connected to students’ socio-cultural realities. Specific Background: In the context of PGSD students, the local wisdom of Rumah Tuo, representing the cultural identity of the Batin Tribe in Jambi, contains civic values such as deliberation, mutual cooperation, unity, and social responsibility that are relevant to Civic Education learning. Knowledge Gap: Despite its educational potential, there is a lack of systematically developed and tested hybrid learning resources that integrate Rumah Tuo local wisdom into Civic Education for PGSD students. Aims: This study aims to develop a hybrid book based on the local wisdom of Rumah Tuo as a Civic Education learning resource for PGSD students and to examine its feasibility, practicality, and learning outcomes. Results: Using a Research and Development approach with the ADDIE model, the developed hybrid book was assessed as highly feasible by material, media, and language experts, considered practical by students, and demonstrated positive learning outcomes in understanding Civic Education values integrated with local wisdom. Novelty: The novelty of this study lies in the systematic integration of Rumah Tuo local wisdom into a hybrid textbook format specifically designed and tested for PGSD Civic Education learning. Implications: The hybrid book provides a contextual, innovative, and culturally grounded learning resource that supports Civic Education learning in higher education and contributes to the preservation of local cultural values in the digital learning environment. Highlights • The hybrid book embeds Rumah Tuo cultural values within Civic Education learning content • Expert validation and student trials confirm high feasibility and usability • Hybrid learning resources support contextual civic value understanding for PGSD students Keywords Hybrid Book; Local Wisdom; Rumah Tuo; Civic Education; PGSD
Copyright (c) 2026 Putri Nabila Rizki, Ahmad Susanto, Muhamad Sofian Hadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Emancipatory Critical Paradigm in Islamic Religious Education as an Effort to Form a Tolerant and Multicultural Attitude
General Background The persistence of religious intolerance and exclusivism within educational contexts reveals unresolved pedagogical challenges in religious education systems. Specific Background In Islamic Religious Education, learning practices remain largely normative–doctrinal and transmissive, limiting students’ dialogical engagement and critical awareness within pluralistic social realities. Knowledge Gap Although tolerance and multiculturalism have been widely discussed, few studies systematically integrate a critical–emancipatory paradigm into the ontological, epistemological, and axiological foundations of Islamic Religious Education. Aims This study analyzes the relevance and conceptual contribution of the critical–emancipatory paradigm as an alternative pedagogical framework for Islamic Religious Education in fostering tolerant and multicultural attitudes. Results Using qualitative library research grounded in critical theory, the findings demonstrate that the critical–emancipatory paradigm is theologically and pedagogically compatible with Islamic values such as justice, human dignity, and rahmatan lil ‘alamin, while redirecting learning from indoctrinative models toward dialogical, reflective, and contextual practices. Novelty This article constructs an integrative conceptual framework linking the critical–emancipatory paradigm with the ontological, epistemological, and axiological dimensions of Islamic Religious Education. Implications The study contributes theoretically to critical Islamic education discourse and offers a coherent pedagogical orientation for developing tolerance, social empathy, and multicultural competencies within Indonesia’s pluralistic educational context. Highlights: Normative–doctrinal learning practices are conceptually linked to weak internalization of plural social values. Dialogical and reflective pedagogy aligns with Islamic theological principles of justice and human dignity. Ontological, epistemological, and axiological integration provides a unified framework for pedagogical renewal. Keywords: Islamic Religious Education, Critical Emancipatory Paradigm, Tolerance, Multiculturalism, Critical Pedagogy
Copyright (c) 2026 Thoyibah Thoyibah, Muhlisin Muhlisin, Moch. Sugeng Solehudin, Fatah Syukur, Asnalia Rokhmah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence Modules and Teacher Creativity in Student Engagement
General Background: The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has introduced new directions in elementary education, particularly in supporting deep learning through adaptive teaching modules. Specific Background: In practice, the use of AI in instructional design remains closely linked to teachers’ creativity in managing learning activities. Knowledge Gap: Existing studies often examine AI-based modules or teacher creativity separately, leaving limited understanding of their combined role in shaping student engagement in elementary schools. Aims: This study aims to examine the role of AI utilization in developing deep learning teaching modules together with teacher creativity in managing learning toward student engagement in South Bekasi elementary schools. Results: Using a quantitative causal associative design with multiple linear regression analysis, the findings indicate that teacher creativity shows a significant relationship with student engagement, while AI utilization alone does not demonstrate a statistically significant relationship. Simultaneously, both variables account for a substantial proportion of the variation in student engagement. Novelty: This study highlights the combined role of AI-based deep learning modules and teacher creativity as an integrated pedagogical construct rather than isolated factors. Implications: The findings suggest that AI-supported instructional planning requires creative pedagogical management by teachers to foster meaningful student engagement in elementary learning contexts. Highlights • Teacher creativity shows a significant statistical relationship with student engagement • AI-based deep learning modules alone do not demonstrate a significant relationship • Combined variables explain a large proportion of engagement variation in classrooms Keywords Artificial Intelligence; Deep Learning Modules; Teacher Creativity; Student Engagement; Elementary Education
Copyright (c) 2026 Septian Dwi Anto, Misriandi Misriandi, Sri Imawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Family Environment And English Ability Among Islamic Elementary Students
General Background: English language competence at the elementary level is widely recognized as a foundational academic skill within globalized education systems. Specific Background: In Indonesian Islamic integrated primary schools, family environment is frequently positioned as a key contextual factor accompanying formal English instruction. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive theoretical assumptions, empirical evidence remains limited regarding whether variations in family environment categories are statistically associated with English language ability among SDIT students. Aims: This study examined the association between family environment categories and English language ability levels among students at SDIT Al Ihsan South Jakarta. Results: Quantitative analysis using a chi-square test revealed that most students were classified within a moderate family environment category, while English language ability predominantly fell within the high category; however, no statistically significant association was identified between the two variables (p = 0.550). Novelty: The study provides context-specific empirical evidence demonstrating the absence of a statistically meaningful association between categorized family environment and English language ability within an Islamic integrated primary school setting. Implications: These findings suggest that English language achievement at the elementary level should be understood through a broader educational ecosystem, where school-based instructional quality and learner motivation warrant greater analytical attention alongside family-related factors. Highlights • English ability levels remained high across differing family environment categories • Family environment classification showed no statistical association with language outcomes • School-based learning context emerged as a key explanatory consideration Keywords Family Environment; English Language Ability; Islamic Elementary School; Parental Involvement; Primary Education
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmah At Tafani, Muhamad Sofian Hadi, Ahmad Fadly https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental Self-Efficacy And Environmental Love Action Program Among Students
General Background: Environmental degradation caused by unmanaged waste has become a critical issue affecting environmental quality and public health, particularly in urban areas. Specific Background: In response to waste accumulation around the Geger Kalong area, Daarut Tauhiid Boarding School Bandung implemented the Environmental Love Action Program as a structured school-based waste management and environmental behavior initiative. Knowledge Gap: Previous environmental education initiatives often emphasize cognitive understanding, while limited empirical evidence explains the role of psychological factors, particularly environmental self-efficacy, in structured environmental programs within Islamic boarding school contexts. Aims: This study examines the relationship between environmental self-efficacy and student involvement in the Environmental Love Action Program among female middle school students. Results: Using a quantitative correlational approach with 148 respondents, Pearson Product Moment analysis revealed a strong and statistically significant relationship between environmental self-efficacy and program involvement (r = 0.769, p < 0.01). Novelty: This study provides empirical evidence linking environmental self-efficacy to sustained participation in a faith-based environmental action program within a boarding school setting. Implications: The findings indicate that strengthening students’ confidence in their environmental capabilities is essential for sustaining environmentally responsible behavior and supporting long-term waste management practices in educational institutions. Highlights • Strong correlation identified between environmental self-efficacy and student participation • Environmental action program supported sustained environmentally responsible behavior • Psychological confidence associated with consistency in school-based environmental practices Keywords Environmental Self-Efficacy; Environmental Action Program; Waste Management Education; Sustainable Behavior; Islamic Boarding School
Copyright (c) 2026 Santika Rahayu Wiguna, Siti Nurbayani K, Acep Supriadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Deep Learning Based Coding And Artificial Intelligence For Computational Thinking In Elementary Schools
General Background: The rapid advancement of digital technology requires elementary education to cultivate higher-order thinking and digital literacy as foundational competencies for the twenty-first century. Specific Background: Coding and artificial intelligence learning have been introduced in elementary schools as concrete approaches to support computational thinking through meaningful and contextual learning experiences. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies in Indonesia largely emphasize technical implementation or teacher training, while limited attention has been given to pedagogical strategies grounded in deep learning approaches for fostering computational thinking at the elementary level. Aims: This study explores deep learning–based coding and artificial intelligence learning strategies for developing computational thinking among elementary school students in North Serpong District. Results: Using a descriptive qualitative approach involving teachers and students from two elementary schools, the findings indicate that learning strategies emphasizing active participation, problem solving, reflection, and contextual activities support students’ ability to decompose problems, recognize patterns, construct abstractions, and formulate algorithmic steps. Variations in computational thinking development were observed across schools, reflecting differences in learning implementation quality. Novelty: This study confirms that deep learning–based coding and artificial intelligence learning demonstrates differentiated reinforcement across computational thinking dimensions according to contextual implementation in elementary classrooms. Implications: The findings position deep learning–based coding and artificial intelligence as a strategic pedagogical alternative for strengthening computational thinking and digital literacy within elementary education. Highlights • Computational Thinking Developed Through Contextual Coding Activities • Deep Learning Approach Supports Reflective And Meaningful Learning • Differentiated Implementation Shapes Student Learning Outcomes Keywords Coding Learning; Artificial Intelligence; Deep Learning; Computational Thinking; Elementary School
Copyright (c) 2026 Ainul Mardhiyah, Muhamad Sofian Hadi, Misriandi Misriandi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital E-Library Model for School Literacy Movement in Elementary Education
General Background: Low reading interest and literacy skills among elementary school students in Indonesia remain a persistent educational concern, particularly in relation to limited access to varied and engaging reading resources. Specific Background: Conventional school libraries are constrained by collection diversity, space, and access, while students increasingly interact with digital environments for information and learning activities. Knowledge Gap: Previous literacy initiatives have largely emphasized pedagogical strategies or visual learning media, with limited attention to digital e-library integration as an operational literacy ecosystem within the School Literacy Movement. Aims: This study aims to develop a digital e-library–based School Literacy Movement model and examine its application for fostering reading interest and literacy skills among elementary school students. Results: Using a Research and Development approach with the ADDIE model, the developed digital e-library met criteria of validity, practicality, and feasibility based on expert validation and user responses, alongside observable growth in student reading engagement and literacy performance between pretest and posttest stages. Novelty: The study positions the digital e-library not merely as a reading medium but as an adaptive literacy ecosystem aligned with elementary learners’ digital characteristics. Implications: The findings support the integration of digital e-library models within school literacy programs as a strategic response to conventional library limitations and as a foundation for strengthening literacy culture in elementary education. Highlights • Digital e-library developed as an operational model within the School Literacy Movement • Validation results confirm feasibility and practical classroom application • Literacy activities supported through adaptive digital access to reading materials Keywords School Literacy Movement; Digital E-Library; Reading Interest; Literacy Skills; Elementary Education
Copyright (c) 2026 Titik Yuniarti, Muhamad Sofian Hadi, Ahmad Susanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quranic Character Values In Elementary Students Pondok Melati
General Background: Character education is positioned as a foundational component in elementary schooling to cultivate moral, social, and spiritual dispositions from an early stage. Specific Background: Within Islamic educational discourse, Ibn Kathir’s tafsir provides comprehensive Qur’anic moral values grounded in scripture, prophetic traditions, and scholarly interpretations that are relevant to character formation in elementary education contexts. Knowledge Gap: Empirical studies that quantitatively examine the relevance of Ibn Kathir’s character values within contemporary public elementary schools remain limited, particularly at the level of measurable student understanding, school-based implementation, and manifested character traits. Aims: This study examines character education through Ibn Kathir’s perspective and analyzes its relevance to elementary students’ character development in Pondok Melati District. Results: Quantitative findings indicate that students’ understanding of Qur’anic character values, the school implementation of character education, and students’ character traits are all categorized as good, with statistical analysis confirming a significant relationship between value understanding and student character formation. Novelty: This study operationalizes Ibn Kathir’s Qur’anic character values into measurable indicators using a correlational survey approach within public elementary schools. Implications: The findings support the integration of Qur’anic character values into elementary education practices through consistent habituation, teacher exemplification, and contextualized school culture aligned with national character education objectives. Highlights • Students demonstrate good comprehension of Qur’anic moral values • School practices reflect consistent character-based habituation • Student character traits align with Qur’anic ethical principles Keywords Character Education; Ibn Kathir Tafsir; Elementary Education; Quranic Values; Pondok Melati District
Copyright (c) 2026 Mariyati Mariyati, Muhamad Sofian Hadi, Mufti Abqary https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transformational Leadership Motivation And Job Satisfaction In Kindergarten Teachers
General Background Leadership quality in early childhood education institutions plays a strategic role in shaping organizational conditions that support teacher professionalism. Specific Background Kindergarten teachers in Aceh Tamiang District face challenges related to leadership practices, work motivation, and job satisfaction that coincide with variations in teaching performance. Knowledge Gap Empirical studies that simultaneously examine transformational leadership, work motivation, and job satisfaction within the context of early childhood education remain limited, particularly in regional kindergarten settings. Aims This study aims to examine the relationships between principals’ transformational leadership style, teachers’ work motivation, job satisfaction, and kindergarten teacher performance in Aceh Tamiang District. Results Using a quantitative survey approach with regression and path analysis, the findings indicate that transformational leadership, work motivation, and job satisfaction each show statistically significant associations with teacher performance, both individually and jointly, while also demonstrating interconnected direct and indirect pathways. Novelty This study presents a comprehensive model that integrates transformational leadership with motivational and satisfaction variables based on empirical data from kindergarten teachers in a localized educational context. Implications The results provide evidence-based considerations for school leadership practices and educational management strategies aimed at strengthening teacher performance in early childhood education settings. Highlights: Principals’ leadership practices showed measurable associations with teacher outcomes Motivational and satisfaction factors demonstrated interconnected statistical pathways Combined variables explained a substantial proportion of performance variance Keywords: Transformational Leadership; Work Motivation; Job Satisfaction; Teacher Performance; Kindergarten Education. Published date: 2026-02-10
Copyright (c) 2026 Masyrida Masyrida, Marwan Marwan, Munawar Munawar, Teuku Salfiyadi, Hera Yanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development Of Multimodal Gamified Drakocan For Indonesian Drama Learning
General Background Digital technology integration has become an essential component of contemporary elementary education to support student-centered and interactive learning environments. Specific Background Indonesian language drama instruction at the elementary level commonly relies on conventional text-based methods, resulting in low student engagement and limited comprehension of dramatic elements. Knowledge Gap Previous instructional media generally utilize audio or visual components separately, with limited integration of gamification and multimodal approaches in drama learning contexts. Aims This study aims to develop a multimodal-based gamification learning medium named Drakocan for Indonesian drama instruction in Grade VI elementary schools. Results The development employed the ADDIE model and involved expert validation and staged field trials, producing high validation scores from language, material, and media experts, as well as positive feasibility evaluations from students in one-to-one, small group, and field group trials, accompanied by higher posttest scores compared to pretest results. Novelty The study introduces a single integrated learning medium combining gamification elements with audio, visual, and textual modes for elementary drama learning. Implications The findings indicate that multimodal gamification media can serve as an alternative instructional approach aligned with curriculum demands and active learning practices in elementary Indonesian language education. Highlights • Multistage validation confirmed strong suitability across expert and learner evaluations • Learning activities integrated gameplay progression with narrative-based instructional content • Assessment results demonstrated consistent score gains following media use Keywords Multimodal Learning; Gamification Media; Drama Learning; Indonesian Language Education; Elementary School
Copyright (c) 2026 Ary Martina, Muhamad Sofian Hadi, Fajar Suharmanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating Digital Technologies in Flipped English Teaching for Mixed-Ability Learners
General Background: Increasing learner heterogeneity in English language classrooms challenges traditional teacher-centered instruction and calls for pedagogical models that support differentiated learning. Specific Background: The flipped classroom, supported by digital technologies, reallocates instructional time to promote self-paced preparation and active in-class engagement, offering potential benefits for mixed-ability English language teaching. Knowledge Gap: Despite growing interest, empirical evidence remains limited regarding how digitally mediated flipped classrooms systematically address ability-related differences and the underlying pedagogical mechanisms involved. Aims: This study aims to examine the role of digital technologies in supporting flipped English instruction for mixed-ability learners, with a focus on engagement, differentiation, and instructional outcomes. Results: The findings indicate that pre-class digital materials enhance learner readiness and autonomy, while in-class technology-mediated interaction increases participation across proficiency levels and enables more focused teacher feedback. Novelty: The study links flipped classroom practices directly to differentiated instruction theory within authentic classroom contexts. Implications: These results suggest that pedagogically designed, technology-supported flipped instruction can foster inclusive English language learning and inform teacher professional development and future longitudinal research. Keywords : Flipped Classroom, Digital Technology, Mixed-ability Learners, English Language Teaching, Differentiated Instruction Highlight : Pre-class digital materials enhanced learner autonomy and preparedness across proficiency levels. In-class collaborative tools increased participation equity while enabling targeted teacher feedback. Lower-proficiency students benefited from self-paced content; advanced learners excelled in productive tasks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lola Nazarova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Peer Tutoring Implementation for Improved Quran Memorization Quality
General Background: Quran memorization (tahfidz) constitutes a fundamental component of Islamic education, requiring not only retention of verses but also accuracy in tajwid and makhraj. Specific Background: In formal Islamic schools, students often encounter difficulties in memorization due to varied academic abilities and limited instructional time, necessitating collaborative learning strategies such as peer tutoring. Knowledge Gap: Although peer tutoring has been widely discussed in Islamic education contexts, limited studies describe its structured implementation and memorization quality outcomes in emerging tahfidz programs within formal junior secondary schools. Aims: This study aims to describe and analyze the implementation process of peer tutoring in Quran memorization activities at SMP IT Lukmanul Hakim, focusing on planning, implementation, and evaluation stages, as well as memorization quality outcomes. Results: Using a qualitative descriptive field approach with interviews, observation, and documentation, the findings indicate that peer tutoring was implemented through systematic tutor selection based on memorization competence and character, small-group 1:1 rotational guidance, and teacher-supervised evaluation. Approximately 85% of students achieved scores above 80, demonstrating stable memorization performance with improved tajwid application, makhraj accuracy, and fluency, although several students required additional technical guidance. Novelty: The study highlights the integration of technical memorization guidance and tutor character criteria as central variables in a formal Islamic junior high school context. Implications: Peer tutoring represents a structured and contextually adaptable strategy for strengthening Quran memorization quality while maintaining teacher supervision in Islamic educational institutions. Highlights • Systematic small-group rotational guidance produced consistent high memorization scores among most participants. • Technical correction of pronunciation rules was conducted prior to final teacher assessment. • Tutor selection integrated academic competence and moral character as key instructional criteria. Keywords Peer Tutoring; Quran Memorization Quality; Tahfidz Learning; Tajwid Accuracy; Qualitative Field Research
Copyright (c) 2026 Habibah Annabila, Hasrian Rudi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gerontological Education Practices for Elderly Worshippers in Mosque Settings
General Background: Lifelong education is increasingly recognized as a vital component of human development, including in later life, as older adults experience physical, psychological, and social transitions. Specific Background: In Muslim communities, mosques function not only as places of worship but also as nonformal educational spaces that accommodate religious learning for elderly congregants. Knowledge Gap: Despite the growing participation of older adults in mosque-based religious activities, structured descriptions of gerontological education practices adapted to their conditions remain limited. Aims: This study aims to describe and analyze the planning, implementation, and evaluation of gerontological education for elderly congregants at the Sultan Ahmadsyah Grand Mosque in Tanjungbalai as a form of mosque-based lifelong education. Results: Using a qualitative case study approach through observation, interviews, and document analysis, the findings show that educational activities are conducted regularly through recitations and majelis taklim, applying simple, practice-oriented religious materials, adaptive teaching methods, and accessible learning media suited to elderly participants. Program evaluation is carried out informally and continuously by observing attendance, participation, and changes in religious attitudes and practices. Novelty: The study documents a community-driven gerontological education model rooted in local religious practices rather than formal curricula. Implications: These findings indicate that mosque-based gerontological education can support religious understanding, inner tranquility, and social relationships among elderly worshippers, while highlighting the need for further development in facilities and management to sustain such programs. Highlights: Educational activities are organized through regular religious gatherings adapted to physical and psychological conditions of older participants. Learning relies on simple materials, practical demonstrations, and repetitive methods to support understanding and participation. Continuous informal assessment is used to observe attendance, engagement, and changes in religious behavior among participants. Keywords: Gerontological Education, Elderly, Mosque, Lifelong Education
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurhalizah Palem, Hasan Asari, Fatkhur Rohman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementing Job Safety Analysis to Analyze Hazard Risk Factors for Paper Core Workers
General Background: Occupational safety and health remain critical concerns in industrial manufacturing due to persistent exposure to physical, chemical, and ergonomic hazards. Specific Background: Paper core manufacturing involves high-speed machinery, heavy material handling, elevated temperatures, and continuous noise, which collectively pose risks for work-related diseases. Knowledge Gap: Despite routine production activities, systematic identification and prioritization of occupational health risks in paper core factories using structured analytical methods remain limited. Aims: This study aimed to identify and assess occupational safety and health hazards among paper core workers using the Job Safety Analysis approach. Results: The analysis identified noise and high temperature exposure as high-risk hazards, particularly associated with winding, cutting, trimming, and seamless processes, with hypertension emerging as a prominent occupational health risk among workers exposed for eight-hour shifts. Other hazards, including dust exposure, ergonomic strain, and chemical contact, were categorized as medium to low risk. Novelty: This study provides a comprehensive, process-based hazard mapping of paper core manufacturing activities using Job Safety Analysis, explicitly linking high-risk operational stages with hypertension risk classification. Implications: The findings support the need for structured risk assessments, environmental controls, ergonomic interventions, and continuous health monitoring to manage occupational health risks and support worker safety and productivity in paper core manufacturing facilities. Highlights: High-temperature and acoustic conditions were classified as dominant high-risk hazards across multiple production stages. Cardiovascular conditions were identified among workers subjected to prolonged industrial exposure. Structured hazard mapping enabled prioritization of preventive workplace controls. Keywords: Job Safety Analysis, Ergonomics, Health, Safety
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Arwandi Yogi Saputra, Pritha Maya Savitri, Fitriana Titis Perdini, Yanti Harjono, Muhammad Mansyah Lestari, Toriq Abqo, Vira Monica, Alma Putri Maulidawati, Rayhan Fawzy Kusumahdipura, Massayu Savira Gading https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HbA1c Association With Transaminase Levels in Type 2 Diabetes
General Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and progressive multisystem complications, including hepatic involvement. Specific Background: Hemoglobin A1c represents long-term glycemic control, while serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase are widely used biomarkers of hepatocellular injury in clinical practice. Knowledge Gap: Despite routine use of these parameters, evidence describing their statistical relationship in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients remains limited, particularly in Indonesian clinical settings. Aims: This study aimed to analyze the correlation between HbA1c levels and SGOT and SGPT levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results: A quantitative analytical cross-sectional design was applied to 30 patients aged over 45 years. Kendall’s tau-b analysis demonstrated a significant positive correlation between HbA1c and SGOT (p=0.000; r=0.557) and between HbA1c and SGPT (p=0.018; r=0.317), indicating moderate and low correlation strengths, respectively. Novelty: This study provides empirical evidence linking long-term glycemic control indicators with liver enzyme alterations among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a hospital-based Indonesian population. Implications: The findings suggest that elevated HbA1c levels are associated with increased liver enzyme levels, supporting the integration of glycemic monitoring and liver function assessment in the comprehensive management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Highlights: Long-term glycemic status showed a statistically significant relationship with hepatic enzyme levels. The association strength differed between transaminase parameters, with a stronger pattern observed for AST. Elevated biochemical markers indicated potential hepatic involvement among older diabetic patients. Keywords : Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, HbA1c, SGOT, SGPT, Liver Function
Copyright (c) 2025 Intan Dara Puspita, Syahrul Ardiansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Self Efficacy and Family Support in Elderly Hypertension Anxiety
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="62c0c3e0-2e7e-438a-93d8-7d309d69bf5c" data-testid="conversation-turn-6" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> Abstract General Background: Hypertension in older adults is frequently accompanied by anxiety that may interfere with daily functioning and chronic disease management. Specific Background: Elderly patients with hypertension often experience psychological distress related to long-term treatment and risk of complications, while self efficacy and family support are considered important psychosocial factors in coping with illness. Knowledge Gap: Previous findings regarding the association between self efficacy and anxiety are inconsistent, and limited studies analyze self efficacy and family support simultaneously in primary health care settings. Aims: This study examined the relationship between self efficacy and family support with anxiety levels among elderly hypertensive patients in the Kragan II Community Health Center area. Results: Using a cross sectional correlational design with 98 respondents and Spearman Rank analysis, significant negative correlations were found between self efficacy and anxiety (p < 0.001; r = -0.580) and between family support and anxiety (p < 0.001; r = -0.370). Novelty: This study integrates two psychosocial variables within one analytical framework in a primary care context. Implications: The findings provide a basis for family-based nursing strategies, including hypertension self management education and structured family involvement to address anxiety among elderly patients. Highlights • Majority of participants experienced moderate anxiety despite high perceived personal capability. • Insufficient household assistance was reported by nearly half of respondents. • Significant inverse correlation identified through Spearman Rank statistical testing. Keywords Self Efficacy; Family Support; Anxiety Level; Elderly Hypertension; Primary Health Care
Copyright (c) 2026 Dela Istiqomah, Edy Soesanto, Sri Karyati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Family Acceptance of Social Stigma and Caregiving Burden in Schizophrenia
General Background Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that imposes considerable psychological and social demands on patients and their families within community-based care. Specific Background Families caring for individuals with schizophrenia often experience social stigma, which may affect family acceptance and contribute to caregiving burden. Knowledge Gap Evidence examining the relationship between family acceptance of social stigma and caregiving burden in primary health care settings remains limited. Aims This study aimed to analyze the relationship between family acceptance of social stigma and family caregiving burden among schizophrenia caregivers in the working area of Kragan II Community Health Center, Rembang Regency. Results A descriptive correlational study with a cross-sectional design involving 80 family caregivers showed a significant association between family acceptance of social stigma and caregiving burden (p = 0.027), indicating that higher acceptance was associated with lower perceived burden. Novelty This study offers context-specific evidence from a primary health care setting by emphasizing family experiences of social stigma in schizophrenia caregiving. Implications The findings highlight the importance of integrating family-centered mental health services, including education and caregiver support, within primary health care to address stigma-related challenges and reduce family caregiving burden. Highlights: Family acceptance of social stigma is significantly associated with caregiving burden Lower perceived burden is observed among families with better stigma acceptance Primary health care settings play a key role in supporting schizophrenia caregivers Keywords: Family Acceptance; Social Stigma; Family Burden; Schizophrenia; Primary Health Care Published date: 2026-02-10
Copyright (c) 2026 Rina Dwi Rahman, Edy Soesanto, Sri Karyati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Antimicrobial Activity of Extracted Shiga Toxin from E. coli O157:H7 on Different Types of Bacteria and Fungi
General Background: Foodborne pathogens, particularly Escherichia coli O157:H7, remain a major public health concern due to their ability to produce Shiga toxin and their increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Knowledge Gap: Limited evidence is available regarding the antimicrobial activity of purified Shiga toxin against diverse bacterial and fungal pathogens isolated from food sources, especially in local contexts. Aims: This study aimed to isolate E. coli O157:H7 from dairy and meat products in Baghdad, purify Shiga toxin, and evaluate its antimicrobial activity against selected bacteria and fungi. Results: Thirty E. coli O157:H7 isolates were obtained from 300 samples. Shiga toxin was successfully purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography. The purified toxin showed inhibitory activity against several pathogens, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration observed for Candida albicans at 125 µg/mL, while higher concentrations were required for other bacterial species. Novelty: The study demonstrates the selective antimicrobial potential of purified Shiga toxin against both bacterial and fungal pathogens derived from food samples. Implications: These findings provide experimental evidence supporting the potential application of bacterial toxins as alternative antimicrobial agents in food safety and pathogen control strategies. Keywords: Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shiga Toxin, Antimicrobial Activity, Ion-Exchange Chromatography, Foodborne Pathogens Key Findings Highlights: Purified Shiga toxin exhibited selective inhibitory activity against multiple bacterial species and Candida albicans. Meat products showed a higher occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 compared to dairy products in Baghdad markets. Ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion-exchange chromatography yielded an active toxin preparation suitable for antimicrobial testing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khutheir Abbas Ali, Harith Basim Ibrahim Al-Nasiri, Ola Hassan AlSaady https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of fiscal policy in Iraq after 2003 in diversifying sources of income: an analytical study
General Background: Resource-dependent economies face persistent challenges in achieving sustainable growth and economic diversification. Specific Background: Iraq’s economy is characterized by heavy reliance on oil revenues, weak non-oil sectors, and fiscal imbalances that constrain long-term development. Knowledge Gap: Despite numerous fiscal reforms, limited evidence explains why diversification outcomes remain weak within Iraq’s public revenue and expenditure framework. Aims: This study examines fiscal policy instruments, public revenue composition, and their role in supporting economic diversification in Iraq. Results: The findings indicate that oil revenues dominate total public revenues, while non-oil sectors contribute marginally to gross domestic product, reflecting structural imbalances and inefficient public spending patterns. Novelty: The study provides an integrated analysis of fiscal, sectoral, and institutional factors shaping diversification outcomes in the Iraqi economy. Implications: The results highlight the need for balanced fiscal policies and stronger support for productive sectors to reduce oil dependency and promote economic stability. Keywords: Fiscal Policy, Economic Diversification, Public Revenues, Oil Dependency, Iraqi Economy Key Findings Highlights: Public revenues in Iraq remain highly concentrated in the oil sector. Non-oil productive sectors contribute weakly to economic structure. Fiscal imbalances limit progress toward diversification goals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tareq Abbas Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Human Resource Capabilities and Strategic Success in Iraqi Tourism
General Background Digital transformation has become a defining feature of contemporary organizational management, particularly in service-oriented sectors such as tourism. Specific Background Tourism companies in Iraq face increasing pressure to modernize human resource practices through digital knowledge, technical skills, and digital leadership. Knowledge Gap Despite this necessity, limited empirical evidence explains how digital human resource capabilities are systematically linked to strategic success in Iraqi tourism organizations. Aims This study aims to examine the relationship between digital human resource capabilities and strategic success dimensions within tourism companies operating in Baghdad, Karbala, and Najaf. Results Using a descriptive-analytical approach and data from 123 managers and employees, the findings reveal a statistically significant relationship between digital capabilities and strategic success, with digital leadership showing the strongest explanatory contribution. Novelty The study offers context-specific empirical evidence from religious tourism organizations, integrating digital human resource capabilities with strategic success indicators. Implications The findings provide practical insights for tourism managers and policymakers seeking to strengthen adaptation, survival, and growth through structured digital human capital development. Keywords: Digital Human Resource Capabilities, Strategic Success, Tourism Companies, Digital Leadership, Iraq Key Findings Highlights: Digital leadership demonstrates the highest contribution to organizational adaptability and continuity. Technical skills remain the most operationally developed capability among tourism firms. Strategic outcomes are strongly explained by combined digital capability dimensions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Firas Naji Hatem, Azhar Ali Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Generative Artificial Intelligence in Contemporary Project Management
General Background: Digital transformation has reshaped project management practices across industries. Specific Background: Generative artificial intelligence has emerged as a novel technological development supporting planning, decision-making, and coordination activities in project environments. Knowledge Gap: Despite growing interest, empirical evidence on how project managers appropriate generative artificial intelligence in their daily tasks remains limited. Aims: This study aims to examine the role and application of generative artificial intelligence within project management practices. Results: The findings indicate that generative artificial intelligence is primarily utilized to support project planning, decision support, and task execution, while human judgment remains central to managerial decision-making. Novelty: The study provides empirical insights into human–AI collaboration in project management, an area that is still underexplored in current literature. Implications: The results contribute to academic understanding and offer practical guidance for project managers seeking to integrate generative artificial intelligence responsibly within project workflows. Keywords: Generative Artificial Intelligence, Project Management, Digital Transformation, Human–AI Collaboration, Decision Support Key Findings Highlights: Generative AI is mainly applied as a support tool in managerial tasks. Human expertise remains essential in interpreting AI-generated outputs. Adoption patterns reflect ongoing digital transformation in projects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muntaha Manate Hashim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Respiratory Infections
General Background: Respiratory tract infections remain a major cause of morbidity worldwide and are frequently associated with bacterial pathogens. Specific Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a prominent hospital-acquired pathogen known for its multidrug resistance, complicating therapeutic management. Knowledge Gap: Local and time-specific data on antibiotic susceptibility patterns of P. aeruginosa in respiratory infections remain limited. Aims: This study aimed to isolate and identify P. aeruginosa from sputum samples of patients with respiratory tract infections and to evaluate its antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Results: Out of 110 sputum samples, 78 showed bacterial growth, with P. aeruginosa identified in 26 samples (33.33%). High resistance rates were observed for cephalosporins, particularly ceftazidime (76.92%) and cefepime (73.07%), as well as levofloxacin (76.92%). Moderate resistance was noted for carbapenems, while higher sensitivity was recorded for amikacin (61.53%) and colistin (53.84%). Novelty: The study provides recent localized data on resistance profiles of P. aeruginosa in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate. Implications: These findings support evidence-based antibiotic selection and highlight the necessity for continuous surveillance to guide effective treatment strategies and limit antimicrobial resistance. Keywords: Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Respiratory Tract Infections, Antibiotic Resistance, Sputum Samples, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Key Findings Highlights: Pseudomonas aeruginosa accounted for one-third of culture-positive respiratory samples. High resistance was observed against third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. Amikacin and colistin showed comparatively higher susceptibility rates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Riyam Wissam Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Mental Handsomeness Among University Students
General Background Mental attractiveness has become a central concept in educational psychology due to its role in cognitive awareness, flexible thinking, and academic engagement among university students. Specific Background Higher education institutions increasingly emphasize developing students’ mental capacities to support learning, creativity, and adaptive thinking. Knowledge Gap Despite its importance, mental attractiveness has received limited empirical attention in Arab and Iraqi university contexts. Aims This study aimed to identify the level of mental attractiveness among university students and examine differences according to gender and academic specialization. Results Using a descriptive design and a validated scale grounded in Langer’s theory, data collected from 400 students at Wasit University revealed a high level of mental attractiveness, with no statistically significant differences based on gender or specialization. Novelty The study provides one of the first empirical assessments of mental attractiveness among Iraqi university students using a psychometrically validated instrument. Implications The findings highlight the importance of integrating cognitive and mental awareness practices within higher education to support students’ intellectual development and adaptive learning. Keywords: Mental Attractiveness, University Students, Cognitive Flexibility, Educational Psychology, Descriptive Research Key Findings Highlights: University students demonstrate a high overall level of mental attractiveness. Gender and academic specialization show no statistical variation in measured scores. A validated scale grounded in cognitive theory supports reliable assessment outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Kareem Mohammed Al-enzi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving human gait recognition using a directed GAN in digital forensics
General Background: Gait recognition has emerged as a non-invasive biometric technique widely applied in forensic analysis, surveillance, and security systems. Specific Background: Recent advances in deep learning, particularly Generative Adversarial Networks and vision transformers, have enabled improved gait synthesis and feature representation, yet challenges remain in maintaining identity consistency and evaluation reliability. Knowledge Gap: Existing studies often address gait synthesis or recognition independently and lack unified frameworks combining generative quality assessment with robust feature extraction. Aims: This study proposes a comprehensive gait recognition framework integrating GAN-based gait enhancement, DINOv2 vision transformer feature extraction, and CNN-based identity verification. Results: Experimental evaluation on CASIA-B, OU-ISIR, and TUM-GAID datasets shows that StyleGAN2 achieves superior gait reconstruction quality, while DINOv2 provides highly discriminative spatio-temporal features, resulting in a classification accuracy of 98.3% and strong clustering separability. Novelty: The framework uniquely combines competitive GAN architectures with self-supervised transformer features and multi-level evaluation metrics within a single system. Implications: The proposed approach supports reliable gait recognition for biometric verification, forensic investigation, healthcare monitoring, and surveillance applications. Keywords: Gait Recognition, Generative Adversarial Networks, DINOv2, Vision Transformers, Biometric Verification Key Findings Highlights: High-fidelity gait synthesis was achieved using advanced generative architectures. Self-supervised transformer features provided strong identity separability. The integrated framework demonstrated robust performance across diverse conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zaid Derea https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Placenta Previa Prevalence and Risk Factors in Women Undergoing Cesarean Sections
General Background Placenta previa is a major obstetric condition associated with antepartum hemorrhage and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Specific Background Rising cesarean section rates and increasing maternal age have contributed to higher reported cases, particularly in high-risk hospital settings. Knowledge Gap Limited region-specific data are available regarding placenta previa prevalence and maternal risk factors among women undergoing cesarean delivery in Iraq. Aims This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of placenta previa and identify associated maternal risk factors among cesarean deliveries in AL-Muthanna and AL-Diwaniya, Iraq. Results A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 300 cesarean deliveries identified placenta previa in 15% of cases, with advanced maternal age, multiple previous cesarean sections, high parity, elevated body mass index, anterior placental location, and comorbidities showing significant associations. Novelty This study provides stratified regional evidence linking surgical history and maternal characteristics to placenta previa within a high-cesarean population. Implications Early identification of high-risk women may support tailored antenatal surveillance and surgical planning to reduce maternal complications. Keywords: Placenta Previa, Cesarean Section, Maternal Age, Obstetric Risk Factors, Pregnancy Complications Key Findings Highlights: Placenta previa was identified in a notable proportion of cesarean deliveries within the study population. Advanced maternal age and repeated surgical deliveries showed strong statistical associations. Stratified analysis clarified maternal and placental characteristics linked to higher clinical risk.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ebtihal Sattar Qassim, Douaa Aziz , Douaa Aziz Darfash , , Maitham Abed Shawwat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bacterial Profiles and Inflammatory Markers in Pregnancy-Related Urinary Tract Infections
General Background: Urinary tract infections are among the most frequent bacterial infections occurring during pregnancy and may progress from mild lower tract involvement to severe renal complications. Specific Background: Inflammatory markers such as white blood cells, C-reactive protein, proteinuria, red blood cells, and procalcitonin are associated with infection severity but remain underexplored in regional clinical settings. Knowledge Gap: Limited data exist regarding the bacterial distribution and inflammatory marker patterns among pregnant women with UTIs in Al-Diwaniyah City. Aims: This study aimed to identify causative bacteria and assess inflammatory markers in pregnant women diagnosed with urinary tract infections. Results: A cross-sectional analysis of 140 pregnant women revealed significant variation in UTI severity across gestational ages, with mild cases predominating in the first trimester and more severe cases in later stages. The highest inflammatory marker levels were observed in very severe infections. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated pathogen (55%), followed by Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter. Novelty: The study integrates bacterial profiling with inflammatory marker assessment to describe severity patterns during pregnancy. Implications: These findings support the use of inflammatory markers as indicators of UTI severity and contribute region-specific data for maternal infection management. Keywords: Urinary Tract Infection, Pregnancy, Inflammatory Markers, Bacterial Pathogens, Gestational Age Key Findings Highlights: Disease severity varied significantly across pregnancy trimesters. Severe cases showed markedly elevated inflammatory marker levels. Gram-negative bacteria dominated infection profiles among participants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Layth Hussein Hadi Alshaibah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hierarchical AI Control and Protection for Renewable Integrated MTDC Grids
General Background Renewable energy integration requires advanced transmission infrastructures capable of managing long-distance power transfer and fast system disturbances. Specific Background Multi-terminal VSC-HVDC grids offer operational flexibility but face challenges related to coordinated control and ultra-fast DC fault protection. Knowledge Gap Existing studies predominantly address control and protection separately, resulting in limited system-level coordination during dynamic and faulted conditions. Aims This study aims to develop and validate a unified hierarchical artificial intelligence-based framework that integrates control and protection for renewable-integrated MTDC systems. Results A three-layer architecture employing deep reinforcement learning for primary control, an AI-based secondary coordinator, and a hybrid AI-driven fault protection scheme was validated through EMT-based co-simulation of a modified CIGRE B4 MTDC benchmark. The framework achieved significant reductions in settling time, voltage deviation, fault detection latency, and post-fault recovery duration, alongside high fault classification accuracy. Novelty The proposed approach introduces a single, coordinated AI-driven architecture that simultaneously governs normal operation and emergency fault response within MTDC grids. Implications The results demonstrate the feasibility of deploying integrated AI-based control and protection to improve stability, resilience, and operational reliability in future renewable-dominated HVDC networks. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, VSC-HVDC, Multi-Terminal DC Grids, Fault Protection, Renewable Integration Key Findings Highlights: Integrated AI coordination significantly reduced dynamic settling time and voltage deviations under renewable variability Intelligent fault protection achieved sub-millisecond detection with high classification accuracy System resilience under converter outage conditions improved through adaptive secondary coordination
Copyright (c) 2026 Salah Faisal Abbood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Computational Evaluation of CoII and CuII Schiff Base Complexes
General Background Schiff base ligands are widely studied in coordination chemistry due to their versatile binding modes and relevance in biological and pharmaceutical research. Specific Background Pyrazolone-based Schiff bases derived from 4-aminoantipyrine have demonstrated notable coordination behavior with transition metals and promising computational bioactivity profiles. Knowledge Gap However, limited studies integrate microwave-assisted synthesis with combined spectroscopic characterization, theoretical stability analysis, molecular docking, and ADME prediction for such systems. Aims This study aimed to synthesize a new Schiff base ligand and its Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes, characterize their structural properties, and evaluate their theoretical stability, docking behavior, and drug-likeness. Results Spectroscopic and analytical data confirmed successful complex formation with a 1:2 metal–ligand ratio and octahedral geometry. Computational calculations indicated higher stability of the complexes compared to the free ligand. Docking analysis revealed favorable binding interactions with breast cancer-related protein targets, while ADME prediction showed compliance with Lipinski’s rule and acceptable pharmacokinetic parameters. Novelty The novelty lies in the integrated experimental–computational approach combined with microwave synthesis for this specific ligand–metal system. Implications These findings support the relevance of Schiff base metal complexes as structurally stable candidates for further theoretical and experimental bioactivity investigations. Keywords: Schiff Base Complexes, Microwave Synthesis, Molecular Docking, ADME Prediction, Transition Metal Coordination Key Findings Highlights: Stable octahedral cobalt and copper complexes were confirmed by spectroscopic and magnetic data Theoretical calculations demonstrated higher stability of complexes relative to the free ligand Docking and pharmacokinetic analyses indicated suitability for further bioactivity-oriented studies
Copyright (c) 2026 Ameena N. Seewan, Delfaa S. Gassed, Wafaa Mahdi Alkoofee, Hawraa a. Mayzed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Performance Management Through Theory of Constraints
General Background Sustainable performance has become a central concern for organizations seeking to balance economic, environmental, and social objectives. Specific Background Prior studies emphasize sustainability performance measurement systems and managerial frameworks, yet operational limitations often hinder their practical application. Knowledge Gap Limited attention has been given to integrating sustainability performance concepts with theory of constraints to explain performance limitations systematically. Aims This article aims to analyze sustainable performance by combining sustainability management perspectives with theory of constraints as an analytical framework. Results The analysis shows that organizational constraints play a critical role in shaping sustainability performance outcomes and that structured performance management systems can help identify and address these constraints. Novelty The novelty of this study lies in linking sustainability performance measurement with constraint-based operational thinking within a unified conceptual framework. Implications The findings provide insights for managers and policymakers to better align sustainability goals with operational decision-making processes. Keywords: Sustainable Performance, Theory of Constraints, Sustainability Management, Performance Measurement, Organizational Constraints Key Findings Highlights: Organizational constraints are central determinants of sustainability-oriented outcomes Sustainability performance systems benefit from integration with operational frameworks Constraint-based analysis supports balanced economic and social decision-making
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulqudoos Hussein Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CRISPR Cas Genome Editing Applications in Medicine and Agriculture
General Background Genome editing has become a central approach in modern biotechnology for modifying genetic material with high precision. Specific Background CRISPR/Cas systems have emerged as widely adopted tools in medical research, plant breeding, and sustainable food production due to their accuracy and adaptability. Knowledge Gap Despite extensive studies, there remains a need for an integrated synthesis that connects technological development, application domains, and associated challenges within a sustainability-oriented framework. Aims This article aims to review CRISPR/Cas genome-editing technologies, their applications in health and agriculture, and the challenges related to biosafety and regulation. Results The review demonstrates that CRISPR/Cas systems support disease modeling, gene therapy research, crop improvement, and biofortification, while also presenting technical and ethical constraints. Novelty The novelty lies in combining medical, agricultural, and sustainability perspectives within a single analytical framework. Implications The findings support informed research development and policy discussion regarding responsible genome-editing adoption. Keywords: CRISPR Cas Systems, Genome Editing, Gene Therapy, Plant Biotechnology, Sustainable Food Production Key Findings Highlights: Genome-editing systems enable precise modification across medical and agricultural contexts Technical challenges and biosafety considerations remain central research concerns Integrated perspectives support sustainability-oriented biotechnology development
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Nader Hussein AlHusseini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Self-Confidence Levels Among University Students
General Background University education increasingly requires students to possess strong psychological attributes to cope with academic and social demands. Specific Background Self-confidence is a key psychological construct that supports learning, motivation, and academic engagement among university students. Knowledge Gap Despite its importance, limited empirical evidence exists on self-confidence levels among university students across gender and academic specialization in the local context. Aims This study aims to identify the level of self-confidence among university students and examine differences according to gender and specialization. Results The findings indicate measurable levels of self-confidence among students, with statistically significant differences based on gender and academic specialization. Novelty The study applies a self-confidence scale grounded in Bandura’s theoretical framework within a university context. Implications The results provide empirical support for integrating psychological development programs into higher education to support student success. Keywords: Self-Confidence, University Students, Gender Differences, Academic Specialization, Educational Psychology Key Findings Highlights: University students demonstrate identifiable levels of self-confidence Differences appear across demographic and academic categories Bandura-based measurement provides reliable assessment outcomes
Copyright (c) 2026 Rawaa Jaafar Abd Al-Mayahy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biological Pathways and Biomarker Patterns in Autism Spectrum Disorder
General Background Autism spectrum disorder is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by marked heterogeneity in clinical presentation and underlying biology. Specific Background Increasing attention has been directed toward biological mechanisms such as immune dysregulation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroendocrine rhythm disturbances. Knowledge Gap Despite extensive research, findings remain fragmented across biological systems, limiting integrative understanding. Aims This article aims to synthesize current evidence on key biological pathways and biomarkers associated with autism spectrum disorder. Results The review identifies consistent abnormalities in inflammatory markers, oxidative stress indicators, mitochondrial function, melatonin regulation, and serotonergic activity, suggesting interconnected physiological alterations. Novelty The study offers an integrative synthesis that brings together immune, metabolic, and neurobiological evidence within a single analytical framework. Implications These findings support the relevance of multi-system biological perspectives in autism research and provide a consolidated foundation for future investigations into diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, Biomarkers, Biological Mechanisms Key Findings Highlights: Multiple physiological systems show recurrent abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder. Immune and oxidative pathways appear closely interconnected across studies. Neuroendocrine rhythm disturbances emerge as a consistent biological feature.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tamarah H. Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Analysis Economic Growth and Unemployment Rate in East Java: Okun's Curve Anomaly Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
Economic growth and unemployment rates are two macroeconomic indicators used to measure the government's success in improving the welfare of the people. Low economic growth will lead to high unemployment rates, which is in line with Okun's law. Over the past two years, East Java's economic growth has contracted but has not been accompanied by a decline in unemployment rates. This is interesting considering that reality does not align with theory. This study aims to examine the consistency of Okun's law with reality both before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. What is interesting about this study is that the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed the economy of East Java. This reality has actually improved the relationship between economic growth and unemployment rates. Based on Pearson's correlation coefficient, an inverse relationship was found between the pre- and post-pandemic periods. Therefore, it can be concluded that external interventions such as a pandemic can improve the relationship between the two variables to an appropriate level. The implications of these findings indicate that post-pandemic economic recovery needs to be directed towards strengthening labour-intensive sectors that absorb a large workforce. Policies to develop MSMEs, downstreaming, and improving skills after the pandemic could be the key to making East Java's economic growth more inclusive while reducing unemployment. Highlights: Tests Okun’s law consistency in East Java before and after COVID-19. Finds inverse correlation between growth and unemployment post-pandemic. Recommends post-pandemic recovery through labour-intensive and MSME sectors. Keywords: Economic Growth, Open Unemployment Rate, Okun's Curve, Pandemic, Pearson
Copyright (c) 2026 Suprianto Suprianto, Muchammad Luthfi Affandy, Royhan Faradis, Muhamad Maulana Musafir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Word of Mouth, Destination Attractiveness, Brand Image, Accessibility Drive Tourist Intention
Tourist decision-making in competitive coastal destinations is increasingly shaped by digital exposure, experiential perceptions, and logistical convenience. This study investigates how electronic word of mouth (e-WOM), destination attractiveness, brand image, and accessibility influence tourist visiting intention at a major coastal destination in Indonesia. Using a quantitative ex post facto design, data were collected from 100 purposively selected respondents aged 18 years and above who had visited the destination at least twice and completed a validated Likert-scale survey. Multiple linear regression, supported by t-tests, F-tests, and adjusted R² analysis, reveals that e-WOM, destination attractiveness, brand image, and accessibility each exert a significant positive effect on tourist visiting intention. Collectively, these predictors explain approximately 76.6% of the variance in visiting intention, confirming that digital word of mouth, experiential quality, perceived brand reputation, and travel convenience function as integrated behavioral determinants rather than isolated stimuli. This study contributes empirical evidence to tourism behavior literature by demonstrating that destination competitiveness is strongly anchored in digital influence and multimodal experience rather than physical attraction alone. The findings indicate that enhancing the digital communication ecosystem, strengthening experiential attributes, improving brand positioning, and accelerating access infrastructure are strategic priorities for destination managers seeking to stimulate sustained tourist intention and market resilience. The study offers practical implications for tourism policy, destination marketing organizations, and stakeholders in designing targeted interventions that align with post-pandemic travel patterns and data-driven visitor expectations. Highlights • Digital word of mouth significantly strengthens tourist visiting intention. • Combined predictors explain 76.6% of visiting intention variance. • Brand image, attractiveness, and accessibility jointly sustain destination competitiveness. Keywords Electronic Word Of Mouth; Destination Attractiveness; Brand Image; Accessibility; Tourist Visiting Intention
Copyright (c) 2025 Angelica Putri, Ida Bagus Nyoman Udayana, Lusia Tria Hatmanti Hutami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Human Resource Quality and Organizational Culture in Employee Performance Assessment
Background: Employee performance remains a central concern in Islamic banking institutions operating in increasingly competitive service environments. Specific background: At PT Bank Riau Kepri Syariah Batam Branch, variations in employee competencies and internal organizational practices have raised questions regarding performance assessment outcomes. Knowledge gap: Existing studies tend to address human resources and organizational culture in general terms, with limited attention to concrete internal conditions such as educational mismatch, uneven technical skills, and reward practices in Islamic financial institutions. Aims: This study examines employee performance assessment by focusing on human resource quality and organizational culture within the institutional context. Results: Quantitative analysis using census data from 50 employees shows that human resource quality is prominently reflected in performance assessment results, while organizational culture does not demonstrate standalone statistical relevance, although both variables jointly account for a substantial proportion of performance variation. Novelty: The study emphasizes specific internal conditions that are often overlooked in prior research. Implications: The findings provide empirical insight for managerial evaluation of competency alignment and internal work systems to support sustainable employee performance assessment. Highlights Human resource quality is clearly reflected in employee performance assessment outcomes. Educational mismatch and uneven technical skills remain key internal organizational conditions. Organizational culture contributes jointly with human resource quality within performance assessment. Keywords Human Resource Quality, Organizational Culture, Employee Performance, Islamic Banking, Performance Assessment
Copyright (c) 2025 Denayou Nabilla Rajabie, Desy Mardianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Simplified Audits Support Micro Small And Medium Enterprise Financial Governance
General Background: Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises contribute 61.07% to Indonesia’s GDP and absorb 97% of the national workforce, yet 77.5% still lack adequate financial reporting. Specific Background: Most micro, small, and medium enterprises rely on manual or inconsistent bookkeeping, have limited understanding of financial standards, and experience obstacles in accessing financing due to unreliable financial statements. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies highlight financial literacy and reporting issues, but limited research explains how simplified audits aligned with national financial standards function as a practical mechanism for supporting financial governance. Aims: This literature review from 2022–2024 analyzes the urgency, mechanisms, and outcomes of simplified audits in strengthening financial management for micro, small, and medium enterprises in Indonesia. Results: Findings show simplified audits detect accounting errors, increase transparency, strengthen tax compliance, expand financing opportunities, reduce operational inefficiencies, and clarify real business conditions through digital tools that support audit trails and systematic documentation. Novelty: This study positions simplified audits as a transitional governance instrument that bridges financial illiteracy, the application of national financial standards, and the digitalization of enterprise administration, with processes adapted to the scale and constraints of small business operations. Implications: The study indicates that policy support, digital adoption, capacity building, and affordable audit services can enable long-term financial resilience, transparency, and competitiveness for micro, small, and medium enterprises in Indonesia’s economic landscape. Highlights • Routine verification identifies misstatements, tax exposure, and hidden cash flow discrepancies. • Digital accounting tools streamline documentation and strengthen audit traceability. • Audit stages offer a practical pathway for applying national financial reporting standards. Keywords Simple Audit; Micro Small And Medium Enterprise; SAK EMKM; Financial Health; Digital Accounting
Copyright (c) 2025 Naning Rahmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Role of Hedonic Shopping Motivation, Shopping Lifestyle, and Positive Emotion on Impulse Buying
General Background The expansion of popular culture and digitalization has reshaped contemporary consumption patterns, particularly among young consumers who increasingly engage in unplanned purchasing of musician merchandise. Specific Background Within Indonesian music fan communities, official merchandise functions not only as a product but also as a medium of emotional attachment and identity expression, as observed in the Team Hindia Surabaya community. Knowledge Gap Despite growing impulse buying tendencies in music fandoms, limited empirical evidence addresses the internal psychological and lifestyle factors underlying this behavior in Indonesian indie music communities. Aims This study aims to examine the roles of hedonic shopping motivation, shopping lifestyle, and positive emotion in impulse buying of Band Hindia merchandise among Team Hindia Surabaya members. Results Using a quantitative explanatory approach with Partial Least Squares analysis on 285 respondents, the findings show that all three variables are positively and significantly associated with impulse buying, with hedonic shopping motivation demonstrating the strongest contribution. Novelty This research provides context-specific evidence from an Indonesian indie music fan community, extending impulse buying literature beyond general e-commerce settings. Implications The results highlight the importance of emotional experience and shopping-oriented lifestyles in understanding spontaneous merchandise purchasing, offering relevant insights for cultural merchandise marketing and consumer behavior research within fandom-based communities. Highlights: Emotional pleasure during purchasing shows the strongest association with spontaneous buying behavior. Trend-oriented and habitual purchasing patterns are linked to unplanned merchandise acquisition. Pleasant emotional states during shopping coincide with higher tendencies toward spontaneous purchases. Keywords: Hedonic Shopping Motivation, Shopping Lifestyle, Positive Emotion, Impulse Buying
Copyright (c) 2026 Jovita Roseina Nariswari, Nurul Azizah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Financial Literacy, Government Support, and Fintech Adoption as Drivers of SME Sustainability Performance
General Background The rapid expansion of financial technology has reshaped financial practices among Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia, particularly within the context of digital economic transformation. Specific Background In Bandar Lampung City, despite government digitalization initiatives, fintech utilization among MSMEs remains uneven, with persistent reliance on manual financial systems affecting sustainability outcomes. Knowledge Gap Existing technology adoption models insufficiently explain fintech adoption by MSMEs when institutional support, financial literacy, trust, and sustainability dimensions are jointly considered in a local Indonesian setting. Aims This study examines determinants of fintech adoption and evaluates its role in shaping MSME sustainability performance across economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Results Using a quantitative survey of 200 MSMEs and SEM-PLS analysis, financial literacy, government support, trust, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use were found to significantly shape fintech adoption, while user innovation showed no direct relationship. Fintech adoption demonstrated a strong association with sustainability performance. Novelty This study integrates Technology Acceptance Model constructs with institutional and sustainability perspectives to explain fintech adoption mechanisms in regional MSMEs. Implications The findings highlight the importance of coordinated government policies and financial literacy initiatives in fostering fintech-driven sustainability among MSMEs within emerging digital economies. Highlights: Multiple internal and institutional factors jointly explain digital financial system usage among small businesses. Digital financial system usage aligns with economic, social, and environmental business outcomes. Individual innovativeness alone does not translate into technology usage without supporting conditions. Keywords: Fintech, Financial Literacy, Government Support, User Innovation, Sustainability Performance, MSMEs
Copyright (c) 2026 Irawan Irawan, Andueriganta Fadhlihi, Ina Rahmi Diwasya, Sri Astuti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure, Profitability, Leverage, Liquidity, and Sales Growth on Firm Value
General Background Firm value represents a key market-based indicator reflecting investor assessment of corporate performance and future prospects in capital markets. Specific Background In Indonesia, rapid growth of the capital market and sectoral expansion in industrials, consumer non-cyclical, and healthcare companies have intensified attention toward financial and non-financial disclosures associated with firm value. Knowledge Gap Prior empirical findings on the roles of corporate social responsibility disclosure, profitability, leverage, liquidity, and sales growth in shaping firm value remain inconsistent, particularly across specific IDX sectors and recent observation periods. Aims This study aims to examine the relationships between CSR disclosure, profitability, leverage, liquidity, and sales growth with firm value among companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2022–2024. Results Using 90 firm-year observations and multiple linear regression, the findings indicate that profitability shows a positive and significant association with firm value, while liquidity exhibits a negative and significant association; CSR disclosure, leverage, and sales growth demonstrate no significant relationships. Novelty This study provides recent sector-focused evidence highlighting the contrasting roles of profitability and liquidity within Indonesian listed firms during the post-pandemic period. Implications The results suggest that investors prioritize profit-generating capability over CSR disclosure and growth indicators, while excessive liquidity may signal inefficient resource allocation, offering insights for corporate financial management, investors, and regulators concerned with firm value formation. Highlights: Profit-generating capacity emerged as the strongest statistically supported driver of market valuation. Excessive short-term asset holdings were associated with lower market appraisal. Sustainability reporting and revenue expansion indicators were not decisive valuation signals. Keywords: Firm Value, Profitability, Liquidity, CSR Disclosure, Indonesia Stock Exchange
Copyright (c) 2025 Kellen Ivana Trini, Djeni lndrajati Widjaja, Nastasya Cindy Hidajat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Value Chain and Digital Pathways for South Nias Robusta Coffee
General Background Coffee is a strategic plantation commodity in Indonesia, where regional differentiation and value distribution along the chain determine competitiveness and income capture. Specific Background South Nias Regency possesses favorable agro-climatic conditions for Robusta coffee, yet production, post-harvest handling, and market access remain traditional and weakly documented, resulting in limited recognition as a local commodity. Knowledge Gap Previous studies have largely examined value chain development, digital marketing, or creative economy approaches separately and have focused on established Indonesian coffee origins, leaving emerging regions such as South Nias under-researched within an integrated analytical framework. Aims This study aims to analyze the Ulunoyo South Nias Robusta coffee chain by integrating value chain analysis with consumer evidence and a practical digital marketing roadmap. Results Using a mixed-methods design, the findings show a short, domestically oriented chain dominated by smallholders and a single collector, notable farm–collector price spreads, basic post-harvest practices, and consumer demand concentrated on powder products with a majority willing to pay for premium attributes, particularly taste and origin. Governance patterns indicate market-type coordination with captive features. Novelty The study presents a sequenced, evidence-based pathway that simultaneously links farm practices, mid-chain coordination, and end-market behavior for an under-researched coffee origin. Implications The results suggest actionable upgrading tracks encompassing process standardization, functional movement into roasting and branding, and channel development through minimal digital tools, providing a locally feasible model for strengthening South Nias Robusta coffee within local and national markets. Highlights: Monetary value concentration occurs beyond the farm gate within a short domestic trading structure. Consumer demand prioritizes sensory attributes and shows substantial readiness for premium characteristics. Integrated upgrading routes connect post-harvest practices, branding activities, and online market channels. Keywords: South Nias Robusta Coffee, Value Chain Analysis, Digital Marketing, Consumer Willingness to Pay, Creative Economy
Copyright (c) 2026 Ferdinand Tharorogo Wau, Firdaus Laia, Setia Murni Telaumbanua, Survei Halawa, Laura Olivia Putri Sarumaha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship between Sustainability Reports, Firm Size, and Company Value: The Moderating Role of Profitability in Oil and Gas Issuers Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2019 to 2023
General Background: The oil and gas sector in Indonesia holds a strategic economic role while simultaneously facing increasing environmental, social, and governance demands from regulators and investors. Specific Background: Listed oil and gas companies are required to disclose sustainability reports alongside maintaining financial performance amid commodity price volatility during the 2019–2023 period. Knowledge Gap: Prior empirical studies report inconsistent findings regarding the relationships between sustainability reporting, firm size, and firm value, as well as the moderating role of profitability, particularly within capital-intensive and environmentally sensitive sectors. Aims: This study examines the relationships between sustainability reporting and firm size with firm value, and analyzes profitability as a moderating variable among oil and gas companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Results: Using panel data regression on 50 firm-year observations, the findings show that sustainability reporting and firm size are positively and significantly associated with firm value. Profitability demonstrates a direct positive association with firm value and moderates the relationships between sustainability reporting and firm size with firm value. Novelty: The study extends prior research by integrating firm size as an explanatory variable and profitability as a moderating factor within the specific context of Indonesian oil and gas listed firms over a recent multi-year period. Implications: The results highlight the relevance of sustainability disclosure, corporate scale, and financial performance in shaping market valuation, offering insights for corporate management, investors, and policymakers concerned with sustainable corporate strategies in the oil and gas industry. Highlights: Sustainability disclosure shows a significant positive association with corporate valuation. Corporate scale demonstrates a statistically significant relationship with market-based value measures. Financial performance strengthens the relationships between disclosure practices, corporate scale, and valuation. Keywords: Pressure, ESG, Profitability
Copyright (c) 2026 Megawati Megawati, Usep Syaipudin, Retno Yuni Nur Susilowati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Power Relations, Investment Prospects, and Social Responsibility in Corporate Tax Avoidance Practices of Energy Companies in Indonesia 2020-2024
General Background: Corporate tax avoidance remains a critical issue when tax revenue contributions are considered suboptimal, particularly in sectors characterized by volatility. Specific Background: In Indonesia’s energy sector, recurring concerns about tax planning practices have motivated renewed empirical attention to governance- and disclosure-related determinants. Knowledge Gap: Prior studies report inconsistent conclusions regarding the relationship between politically affiliated corporate structures, investment opportunity conditions, and corporate social responsibility disclosure in relation to tax avoidance. Aims: This study examines these relationships in energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange over 2020–2024 using panel data from annual and sustainability reports and estimation with a Random Effect Model in EViews. Results: Based on 41 firms (164 firm-year observations), political connections are statistically non-significant, while investment opportunities (market-to-book value) and corporate social responsibility disclosure (GRI-based index) are each negatively and significantly associated with tax avoidance as measured by the gap between the corporate income tax rate and GAAP effective tax rate; the adjusted R-squared is 0.0481. Novelty: The study consolidates political affiliation, investment opportunity conditions, and GRI-based CSR disclosure within a single energy-sector panel for Indonesia during 2020–2024. Implications: The findings suggest that stronger market-oriented growth prospects and higher CSR disclosure coincide with lower levels of tax avoidance indicators in listed energy firms, while political affiliation presence alone does not provide a statistically reliable explanation within the tested model. Highlights: Board-level political affiliation shows non-significance in the panel regression results. Higher market-to-book value corresponds to a smaller statutory-rate versus GAAP-ETR gap. Greater GRI-based sustainability disclosure corresponds to a smaller statutory-rate versus GAAP-ETR gap Keywords: Revenue, Energy, Avoidance
Copyright (c) 2026 Famela Gadis, Tri Joko Prasetyo, Retno Yuni Nur Susilowati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Store Atmosphere Dominates Impulse Buying in Modern Retail
General Background Modern retail competition increasingly emphasizes in-store factors that shape consumer purchasing behavior, particularly unplanned purchases. Specific Background Within the Indonesian modern retail context, Miniso at Tunjungan Plaza Surabaya represents a physical retail setting where product quality, product display, and store atmosphere are deliberately managed to attract consumers. Knowledge Gap Prior studies frequently examine these variables separately or in different retail contexts, leaving limited integrated empirical evidence within a single modern retail model. Aims This study aims to analyze the relationships between product quality, product display, and store atmosphere with impulse buying among Miniso consumers at Tunjungan Plaza Surabaya, both partially and simultaneously. Results Using a quantitative associative design and multiple linear regression analysis of 100 respondents, the findings show that product quality, product display, and store atmosphere are all positively and significantly associated with impulse buying, with store atmosphere demonstrating the strongest contribution. Novelty The study offers an integrated examination of three key retail stimuli within one analytical model applied to a modern specialty retailer in a high-traffic shopping mall. Implications These findings suggest that coordinated management of product attributes, visual merchandising, and physical store environment is central to understanding impulse buying behavior in modern retail settings. Highlights: Physical retail environment shows the strongest statistical contribution to unplanned purchasing behavior. Visual merchandising and merchandise attributes jointly relate to spontaneous consumer decisions. An integrated retail stimulus model explains a substantial proportion of purchasing variability. Keywords: Product Quality, Display Product, Store Atmosphere, Impulse Buying, Ritel Modern
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Irfan Ramadhan, Lia Nirawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advanced Foreign Practices in the Use of Transport Services for Regional Economic Development
General background: Transport systems serve as fundamental components in regional economic development, directly influencing interregional relations, production growth, and investment climate improvement. Specific background: Advanced countries employ digital logistics platforms, public-private partnerships, and green transport strategies to enhance economic efficiency, yet developing nations struggle to adapt these innovations systematically. Knowledge gap: Limited empirical analysis exists on how integrated transport service models—combining digitalization, PPP mechanisms, and sustainable policies—can be strategically applied to accelerate regional economic growth in emerging markets like Uzbekistan. Aims: This study examines foreign transport practices to identify effective organizational and economic mechanisms for regional development, analyzing reforms in aviation, motor transport, and digital service implementation. Results: Comparative analysis reveals that Germany's Smart Logistics increased efficiency by 25%, South Korea's PPP model reduced budget burdens by 30%, and China's Belt and Road Initiative expanded regional trade by 40%. Uzbekistan's freight volumes grew from 650 million tons (2020) to 703.6 million tons (2024), with service value rising from 75 to 108.4 trillion UZS. Novelty: The research provides integrated assessment of digital transformation, multimodal corridor development, and green mobility strategies specifically contextualized for transitional economies. Implications: Findings establish strategic directions for implementing intelligent transport systems, expanding PPP infrastructure, and strengthening regional integration to achieve sustainable economic growth. Highlight : Digital transformation improves efficiency by 25% and reduces logistics costs through AI-based management and intelligent transport systems. Public-private partnerships enable infrastructure financing with 1:1.7 investment multiplier effect while reducing state budget burden by 30%. Multimodal integration drives regional trade growth by 40% and reduces carbon emissions by 12-14% through sustainable transport policies. Keywords : Transport Infrastructure, Regional Development, Logistics Optimization, Public-Private Partnership, Sustainable Mobility
Copyright (c) 2025 Karimova Shakhnoza Uktamovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Audit Findings, Follow-Up, and Financial Reporting Quality Fail to Reduce Corruption
General Background Corruption in public sector institutions remains a persistent governance challenge in Indonesia despite extensive external audit mechanisms. Specific Background The Supreme Audit Agency conducts audits of ministries and institutions, producing audit findings and follow-up recommendations intended to strengthen accountability and transparency through financial reporting. Knowledge Gap Prior empirical studies report inconsistent evidence on whether audit findings and follow-up actions are associated with corruption, particularly when financial reporting quality is positioned as a mediating mechanism. Aims This study examines the direct and indirect relationships between audit findings, follow-up on audit results, and corruption, with financial reporting quality as an intervening variable, within the framework of agency theory. Results Using panel data from 132 ministry and institutional observations during 2021–2023, the findings show that audit findings are negatively associated with financial reporting quality, while audit follow-up is positively associated with financial reporting quality. However, audit findings, audit follow-up, and financial reporting quality show no significant direct relationship with corruption, and financial reporting quality does not mediate these relationships. Novelty This study provides rare empirical evidence that financial reporting quality does not transmit the role of audit mechanisms into corruption control within Indonesian ministries and institutions. Implications The results indicate that audit processes and reporting improvements primarily function as administrative accountability tools and are insufficient as standalone instruments for addressing corruption in the public sector. Highlights: Audit observations are associated with lower standards of governmental financial statements. Recommendation completion is linked to improved compliance with accounting standards. Reporting mechanisms do not explain variations in misconduct cases across institutions. Keywords: Audit Findings, Follow-Up, Quality of Financial Statements
Copyright (c) 2026 Desriani Hadi, Einde Evana, Fajar Gustiawaty Dewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Regional Head Policy Implementation for Batik Artisan Economic Empowerment
General Background: The batik industry is a major creative economy subsector that supports cultural preservation and local economic development, yet it faces constraints related to policy limitations, technological innovation, and market expansion. Specific Background: This study examines the implementation outcomes of regional head policies for batik industry advancement as a strategy for empowering artisans in Sleman Regency. Knowledge Gap: Prior batik-related studies commonly rely on descriptive or regression approaches, providing limited insight into complex interdependence among variables linking policy, implementation, and empowerment. Aims: Using MICMAC (Matrice d’Impacts Croisés Multiplication Application à un Classement), this study identifies the variables shaping the implementation of regional head policies in the batik industry system. Results: MICMAC mapping shows the Regional Head Policy (KKD) as the main driving variable with the strongest direct and indirect relations, while product and process innovation, market access and promotion, and artisans’ welfare emerge as strongly dependent variables; empirically, clearer innovation-oriented directives, bureaucratic simplification, and human resource quality are central to interpreting the policy’s operational meaning. Novelty: The study contributes a MICMAC-based structural mapping of complex influence–dependence relations in regional head policy implementation for batik industry governance in Sleman. Implications: The findings support policy recommendations focused on aligning regulations with technological innovation, facilitating market access expansion, and sustaining artisans’ economic livelihoods within the creative economy ecosystem. Highlight: MICMAC positioning ranks KKD as the primary pushing variable in the system. Product–process innovation, market access–promotion, and artisan welfare appear as strongly dependent variables. Clear innovation-oriented directives, streamlined bureaucracy, and higher human resource quality characterize the implementation pathway identified in the analysis. Keywords: Regional Head Policy, MICMAC Analysis, Batik Industry, Economic Empowerment, Market Access
Copyright (c) 2025 Priya Sulaksana, Ahmad Ma’ruf, Endah Saptutyningsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Transformation and ICT Development in Uzbekistan's Digital Economy
This study examines the development trajectory of information and communication technologies (ICT) and their role in establishing the digital economy in the Republic of Uzbekistan during the transformative period of 2015-2024, a critical phase marked by systematic digital transformation initiatives under national strategic frameworks. The research aims to assess the effectiveness of ICT infrastructure development and digital service integration across economic sectors in Uzbekistan's transition toward a digitally-driven economy. Employing comparative economic analysis, systems approach, and observation methods, the study analyzes comprehensive statistical data from the International Telecommunication Union, Open Data Portal of Uzbekistan, and governmental reports, examining key indicators including internet penetration rates, broadband subscriptions, fiber-optic network expansion, mobile internet coverage, and e-government service adoption across banking, industry, agriculture, and education sectors. Empirical findings reveal substantial growth in internet users from 43.6% to 85%, broadband subscribers increasing from 5.2 million to 23 million, fiber-optic networks expanding from 16,000 km to 100,000 km, and electronic public services rising from limited availability to 595 services by 2024, with sector-specific ICT penetration reaching 85% in banking and finance. The novelty lies in providing systematic longitudinal evidence of digital transformation outcomes under the "Digital Uzbekistan-2030" strategy implementation, demonstrating accelerated digitalization post-2020. The findings offer significant implications for policymakers in developing economies pursuing digital transformation, confirming that coordinated state-level ICT infrastructure investments and e-government initiatives effectively establish foundational conditions for sustainable digital economic development and enhanced international competitiveness Keywords : Digital Economy, Information And Communication Technologies, ICT Infrastructure, E-Government Services, Digital Transformation, Broadband Penetration Highlight : Internet users increased from 43.6% (2015) to 85% (2024) in Uzbekistan Electronic government services expanded from limited offerings to 595 services by 2024 Banking sector digitalization reached 85%, leading all economic sectors by 2024.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saatova Lolakhon Ergashevna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determining Pharmaceutical Product Costs: Scientific and Practical Issues in Uzbekistan
This study addresses the scientific and practical challenges of determining finished product costs in pharmaceutical enterprises operating in the Republic of Uzbekistan, a critical issue in the context of economic reforms, stricter state regulation of drug pricing, and the ongoing transition to International Financial Reporting Standards that demand modern cost accounting systems. The research aims to identify deficiencies in current cost determination practices and propose improved methodologies tailored to the unique technological, regulatory, and organizational characteristics of pharmaceutical firms. Employing analytical, comparative, and monographic methods, the study examines actual accounting records and internal management reports from pharmaceutical enterprises, with particular attention to cost allocation across supply, production, laboratory testing, and packaging processes, and compares cost structures between imported and domestically manufactured products. Results reveal that material costs dominate the cost structure at approximately 50 percent, while wages and depreciation together account for nearly 30 percent; however, existing reporting practices fail to adequately disclose the distribution of indirect costs across production stages, limiting managerial control effectiveness. The novelty of this research lies in developing context-specific definitions for pharmaceutical business processes and proposing enhanced reporting formats that improve cost transparency and align with international standards. These findings have significant implications for strengthening management decision-making capabilities, improving financial reporting quality, and facilitating compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards in Uzbekistan's pharmaceutical sector. Keywords : Pharmaceutical Costing, Cost Allocation Methods, Financial Reporting Transparency, Indirect Cost Distribution, International Accounting Standards, Production Cost Structure Highlight : Material costs dominate pharmaceutical product costs, averaging 50 percent of total expenses. Current reporting inadequately discloses indirect cost allocation across production stages and functions. Study introduces simplified definitions and enhanced formats improving cost transparency and managerial control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khudaynazarova Dilnoza Gafurovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Algorithmic Assessment of Samarkand Attractiveness and Its Strategic Role in Agritourism Development
General Background: The integration of tourism and agriculture has increased the importance of territorial attractiveness as a determinant of sustainable agrotourism development. Specific Background: Samarkand combines significant agricultural resources, cultural heritage, and expanding tourism activity, yet its agrotourism attractiveness has not been systematically quantified for strategic planning purposes. Knowledge Gap: Existing assessments rely on fragmented indicators and qualitative descriptions, limiting comparative analysis and evidence-based decision-making. Aims: This study aims to develop and apply an algorithmic framework to assess the attractiveness of the Samarkand region and to examine its strategic importance for agrotourism development. Results: The findings indicate that Samarkand’s agrotourism attractiveness emerges from the interaction of economic potential, agricultural and natural resources, tourism infrastructure, socio-cultural assets, and institutional support rather than isolated factors. Novelty: The study introduces a multidimensional, indicator-based algorithm that integrates quantitative normalization, hybrid weighting, and expert evaluation into a single composite attractiveness index. Implications: The proposed framework supports evidence-driven regional planning, investment prioritization, and policy formulation, while offering a transferable model for assessing agrotourism attractiveness in regions with similar socio-economic and agricultural characteristics. Keywords : Territorial Attractiveness, Agritourism Development, Assessment Algorithm, Samarkand Region, Strategic Planning Highlight : Algorithm integrates five dimensions: economic, agricultural, infrastructural, socio-cultural, and institutional indicators Multicriteria evaluation combines quantitative normalization with expert-based weighting and sensitivity testing Framework enables longitudinal monitoring and comparative assessment across districts and regions
Copyright (c) 2025 Anvarov Nodir Allayorovich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Management Mechanisms Aimed at Increasing the Efficiency of Resource Use in Industrial Enterprises
General Background: Efficient resource utilization is a critical determinant of competitiveness and sustainability in industrial enterprises facing economic uncertainty and rising costs. Specific Background: In resource-intensive industries, particularly textile enterprises, traditional management approaches are insufficient to control material, labor, energy, and financial resources under dynamic market conditions. Knowledge Gap: Existing studies provide limited integrated frameworks that empirically link strategic, operational, and digital management mechanisms to measurable improvements in resource efficiency and financial performance. Aims: This study aims to analyze management mechanisms that enhance the efficiency of resource use in industrial enterprises through integrated strategic, operational, and digital tools. Results: The findings demonstrate that integrated management mechanisms improve material utilization, labor productivity, and energy efficiency, while reducing unit production costs, operational risks, and cost volatility, leading to stronger financial performance. Novelty: The study proposes a structured, block-based management mechanism that systematically connects resource planning, digital support, monitoring, and financial management. Implications: The results provide practical guidance for managers and policymakers to strengthen resource efficiency, cost optimization, and long-term competitiveness in industrial enterprises, particularly within the textile sector. Keywords : Resource Efficiency, Industrial Enterprise Management, Integrated Management Mechanisms, Digital Resource Management, Operational and Cost Optimization Highlight : Integrated managerial systems significantly reduce material waste and stabilize input–output ratios across textile production stages. Digital tools enhance decision accuracy, real-time oversight, and operational consistency, strengthening productivity and risk control. Coordinated planning and monitoring improve cost structures, profitability, and financial resilience under volatile market conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Avulchaeva Feruza Dzhurakuzievna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Efficacy of Bayesian Analysis in Predicting Stock Prices
General Background: Stock price prediction remains a central concern in financial economics due to its role in guiding investment decisions and managing market risk. Specific Background: Conventional forecasting techniques often inadequately address uncertainty, adaptability to new information, and the integration of prior knowledge, whereas Bayesian analysis offers a probabilistic framework that updates beliefs using historical and incoming data. Knowledge Gap: Despite growing interest in Bayesian methods within finance, empirical evidence demonstrating their practical efficiency in closely matching predicted and actual stock prices remains limited. Aims: This study aims to examine the efficiency of Bayesian analysis as a technical tool for predicting stock prices and supporting investor decision-making. Results: The findings indicate that Bayesian analysis generates predictions with minimal deviation from actual stock prices, confirming the robustness and reliability of the model. Novelty: The study reinforces the applied value of Bayesian analysis by empirically demonstrating its predictive efficiency within a real stock market context. Implications: These results suggest that Bayesian-based forecasting can enhance investors’ analytical independence, reduce reliance on costly external financial analysts, and promote more informed, data-driven investment strategies in dynamic financial markets. Keywords : Bayesian Analysis, Stock Price Prediction, Bayesian Forecasting Models, Financial Time Series, Investment Decision Making Highlight : Forecast outputs closely matched observed market values, indicating minimal deviation across tested periods. Continuous updating with incoming information improved adaptability under changing market conditions. Empirical application demonstrated practical usefulness for investment decision-making without reliance on external advisors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Haider Abbas abdullah Aljanabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Entrepreneurship in Competitive Advantage
General Background: Entrepreneurship has emerged as a fundamental driver of economic development and organizational sustainability in increasingly competitive global markets. Specific Background: Contemporary organizations face mounting pressure to integrate entrepreneurial principles—including innovation, opportunity recognition, and dynamic capabilities—into their strategic frameworks to maintain market relevance and achieve superior performance. Knowledge Gap: Despite the recognized importance of entrepreneurship in modern economies, a significant disconnect persists between theoretical entrepreneurial concepts and their practical application within organizations, particularly regarding how entrepreneurial activities generate sustainable competitive advantage through the integration of innovation, market responsiveness, and sustainability practices. Aims: This study provides a comprehensive analytical examination of entrepreneurship's role in building sustainable competitive advantage by exploring how entrepreneurial initiatives, innovation processes, market opportunity exploitation, and dynamic organizational capabilities collectively contribute to long-term institutional superiority and resilience. Results: The analysis demonstrates that organizations adopting entrepreneurial thinking with integrated innovation and sustainability principles exhibit superior adaptability to changing economic conditions, enhanced market positioning, and stronger competitive performance compared to traditional institutions, with entrepreneurial ecosystems—encompassing investors, educational institutions, and support networks—providing essential infrastructure for fostering entrepreneurial capabilities and strategic decision-making. Novelty: This research advances understanding by establishing entrepreneurship not as a complementary organizational function but as an essential strategic framework that synthesizes innovation, sustainability, and capability-building for achieving enduring competitive advantage. Implications: Organizations seeking resilience and growth in dynamic environments must adopt comprehensive entrepreneurial approaches that balance economic objectives with environmental and social considerations, supported by robust entrepreneurial education systems and ecosystem development. Keywords : Entrepreneurship, Competitive Advantage, Innovation, Sustainability, Market Opportunities Highlight : Innovation-driven practices enable organizations to create long-term value and respond effectively to market dynamics. Opportunity investment and dynamic capabilities strengthen organizational adaptability amid economic and environmental change. Integrated ecosystems involving education, investors, and institutions support sustained growth and organizational resilience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mustafa Muwafaq Yahya Alshafi, Neşe YILDIZ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Semantic of Archaisation and its manifestations in contemporary Iraqi Plastic Art
General Background Contemporary Iraqi painting has evolved through continuous dialogue between inherited artistic traditions and modern aesthetic discourses shaped by social and cultural change. Specific Background Iraqi artists employ form, symbolism, and compositional structures to negotiate identity, modernity, and visual expression within a shifting historical context. Knowledge Gap Despite extensive discussions on Iraqi modern art, limited studies have systematically examined aesthetic form as a central interpretative axis connecting visual structure and cultural meaning. Aims This study aims to analyze aesthetic form in contemporary Iraqi painting and interpret its role in articulating modern artistic identity. Results The findings demonstrate that aesthetic form functions not merely as a visual arrangement but as a symbolic system reflecting social realities, cultural memory, and artistic adaptation. Novelty This research offers an integrated interpretative perspective that positions aesthetic form as a key mediator between tradition and modernity in Iraqi painting. Implications The study contributes theoretically to modern art discourse and provides a contextual framework for future analyses of contemporary Arab visual art. Keywords: Contemporary Iraqi Art, Aesthetic Form, Modern Painting, Visual Symbolism, Cultural Identity Key Findings Highlights: Aesthetic form represents cultural adaptation within contemporary Iraqi painting Visual structures embody dialogue between tradition and modern artistic expression Symbolic forms reflect social and historical realities in Iraqi modern art
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Bashar Jawad Noumi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Structural, Optical, and Morphological Evaluation of Ag-Doped ZnO/CuO/Porous Silicon Heterojunctions for Optoelectronic Applications
General Background Renewable energy technologies increasingly rely on advanced heterojunction architectures to improve light harvesting and charge transport in optoelectronic devices. Specific Background Multilayer systems combining ZnO, CuO, and porous silicon offer complementary electronic and optical properties, while plasmonic silver incorporation provides additional light–matter interaction pathways. Knowledge Gap However, a systematic experimental correlation between Ag doping concentration, nanostructural evolution, optical behavior, and photovoltaic response in ZnO/CuO/PSi heterojunctions remains insufficiently explored. Aims This study aims to fabricate and evaluate Ag-doped ZnO/CuO/porous silicon heterojunction devices and to examine the role of silver concentration on structural, optical, and electrical characteristics. Results Structural and morphological analyses reveal refined crystallite sizes and pronounced morphology evolution with increasing Ag content, accompanied by enhanced visible-light absorption and bandgap reduction to 2.78 eV at 7% Ag doping. Photovoltaic measurements demonstrate a maximum open-circuit voltage of 3300 mV, a fill factor of 45.09%, and a power conversion efficiency of 0.3125% for the optimized device. Novelty The work provides an integrated experimental assessment linking plasmonic Ag doping to interface engineering and device-level performance within a single heterojunction framework. Implications These findings offer practical guidance for designing cost-effective optoelectronic devices and advancing plasmonic-assisted multilayer solar cell architectures. Keywords: Ag-doped ZnO, CuO Heterojunction, Porous Silicon, Plasmonic Nanoparticles, Photovoltaic Devices Key Findings Highlights: Progressive silver incorporation induces significant morphological and crystallographic modification in multilayer structures. Visible-light absorption increases markedly due to combined plasmonic and bandgap engineering mechanisms. Optimized heterojunction configuration exhibits superior voltage output and charge collection behavior.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jenan Saddam, Muneer Jaduaa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Migrationُ s Developmental Role in Human Capital Formation: Evidence from (Morocco, India, and Jordan)
General Background: International migration has become a defining global phenomenon shaping economic and social structures in both sending and receiving countries. Specific Background: Migration is closely linked to human capital formation through remittances, knowledge transfer, and labor mobility, while simultaneously generating challenges related to skilled labor outflows. Knowledge Gap: Existing studies present divergent findings and lack comparative analysis across countries with different migration profiles. Aims: This study examines the developmental role of migration in human capital formation using comparative evidence from Morocco, India, and Jordan. Results: The findings reveal a dual relationship in which migration supports skill accumulation, educational financing, and professional networking, while also contributing to brain drain and sectoral skill shortages. Novelty: The article provides a cross-country analytical framework that highlights context-specific migration outcomes. Implications: The results underline the importance of integrated migration and development policies that leverage remittances, diaspora networks, and return migration to support sustainable human capital development. Keywords: International Migration, Human Capital, Remittances, Brain Drain, Development Key Findings Highlights: Migration generates both skill accumulation and skilled labor loss across countries Remittances serve as a strategic resource for education and economic stability National policy context determines developmental outcomes of migration
Copyright (c) 2025 Shaymaa Rasheed Mohaisen, Ameera K. Lafta, Sohaila Abdul Zahra Mastour https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Digital Literacy and Sharia Financial Literacy on Consumptive Behavior in Purchasing Muslim Fashion with the Use of Sharia Digital Payment
General Background Consumption within Islamic economics emphasizes moderation and adherence to sharia principles, particularly amid rapid digitalization of financial transactions. Specific Background The expansion of sharia-based digital payment systems alongside the growth of Muslim fashion consumption in Madura highlights the relevance of digital literacy and sharia financial literacy in shaping consumer behavior. Knowledge Gap Prior studies largely focus on conventional digital payments and general regions, with limited empirical evidence addressing sharia digital payments, consumptive behavior, and local Islamic socio-cultural contexts in Madura. Aims This study examines the relationships between digital literacy, sharia financial literacy, consumptive behavior in Muslim fashion purchases, and the mediating role of sharia digital payment usage among the Madurese community. Results Using a quantitative approach with PLS-SEM on data from 384 respondents, the findings show that digital literacy and sharia financial literacy are significantly associated with sharia digital payment usage and consumptive behavior, while sharia digital payments also exhibit a direct relationship with consumptive behavior and mediate both literacy variables. Novelty The study integrates digital literacy and sharia financial literacy within a single empirical framework by positioning sharia digital payment usage as a mediating construct in Muslim fashion consumption. Implications These findings provide evidence-based insights for policymakers, Islamic financial institutions, and educators to design literacy programs and sharia-compliant digital payment services aligned with local values and consumption patterns in Muslim-majority regions. Highlights: Literacy-related competencies are statistically associated with transactional patterns in sharia-based payment systems. Payment platform utilization functions as a mediating mechanism linking literacy dimensions to purchasing tendencies. Empirical evidence from Madura confirms the relevance of local Islamic contexts in digital consumption studies. Keywords: Digital Literacy, Islamic Financial Literacy, Consumptive Behavior, Islamic Digital Payment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hoirullah Hoirullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Income Inequality And Economic Segregation In Indonesian Crime Patterns
General Background: Crime remains a persistent socio-economic challenge in Indonesia, closely associated with disparities in welfare and regional development. Specific Background: Previous studies emphasize income inequality, poverty, education, and unemployment as crime-related factors, yet spatial economic separation has received limited empirical attention within the Indonesian context. Knowledge Gap: Empirical evidence simultaneously examining income inequality and economic segregation over a long provincial panel period in Indonesia remains scarce. Aims: This study examines the relationships between income inequality, economic segregation, and crime rates in Indonesia, while controlling for poverty, education, and unemployment. Results: Using panel data from 34 provinces during 2013–2023 and a Fixed Effects Model with EGLS estimation, the findings indicate that income inequality and poverty are positively associated with crime, while education, unemployment, and economic segregation show negative associations. Economic segregation demonstrates a statistically significant negative relationship with crime, suggesting the presence of social cohesion and informal control mechanisms in economically homogeneous communities. Novelty: The study introduces economic segregation measured by an isolation index within a long-term cross-provincial panel framework, offering contextual evidence from Indonesia. Implications: These results suggest that crime mitigation strategies should not rely solely on income redistribution but also consider spatial economic structures, education development, and community-based social cohesion within inclusive regional planning. Highlights • Income inequality and poverty are positively associated with crime rates across Indonesian provinces. • Economic segregation shows a negative association with crime in economically homogeneous communities. • Education and unemployment patterns reflect the role of informal social control mechanisms. Keywords Crime Rate; Income Inequality; Economic Segregation; Social Cohesion; Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2026 Anna Khairunnissa, Ratu Eva Febriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Human Resource Management in Achieving Competitive Advantage
General Background: Contemporary organizations face intensifying global competition that demands strategic approaches to sustaining market position and achieving organizational excellence. Specific Background: Human resource management has evolved from an operational function into a strategic driver of competitive advantage, encompassing talent acquisition, development, training, compensation, and strategic workforce planning that directly influence organizational performance, innovation capacity, and adaptability. Knowledge Gap: Despite availability of financial and technological resources, many organizations struggle to effectively invest in human capital as a lever for competitiveness, demonstrating limited awareness of strategic human resource planning aligned with long-term organizational goals. Aims: This research examines the strategic role of human resource management in building sustainable competitive advantage by analyzing characteristics, skills, and capabilities required of human resources and evaluating how HR practices impact creativity, quality, flexibility, and operational efficiency. Results: Human resources constitute the most influential source for building competitive capabilities; organizations investing in training and development achieve superior innovation and excellence; rare and distinguished competencies prove difficult to imitate; strategic HR planning directly enhances sustainable performance and organizational capabilities. Novelty: The study provides an integrated theoretical framework demonstrating how human resources transform from operational components into value-generating strategic assets through systematic capability development. Implications: Organizations must adopt comprehensive HR strategies integrating recruitment, qualification, motivation, and strategic planning to enhance operational efficiency, foster innovation, strengthen loyalty, and achieve sustainable competitive differentiation in complex business environments. Keywords : Human Resource Management, Competitive Advantage, Strategic Planning, Organizational Performance, Talent Development Highlight : Strategic HR planning directly enhances sustainable performance and organizational capabilities beyond traditional resources. Rare, skilled talent proves difficult for competitors to replicate, creating lasting advantages. Training and development programs significantly increase creativity, innovation, and operational process efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdullah Muwafaq Yahya Alshafi, Neşe YILDIZ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects Of Ifrs 15 On Revenue Recognition in the Oil And Gas Sector (Experience of Jsc "Uzbekneftegaz")
General Background: International Financial Reporting Standard 15 (IFRS 15) "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" transformed revenue recognition practices across industries by introducing a control-based model that replaced the traditional risk-and-reward approach. The oil and gas sector, characterized by complex contractual arrangements, variable pricing mechanisms, and diverse delivery methods, faces unique challenges in implementing this standard. Specific Background: JSC Uzbekneftegaz, as Uzbekistan's leading oil and gas enterprise, transitioned to IFRS 15 in 2018, requiring comprehensive adjustments to its revenue accounting methodology. Knowledge Gap: Limited empirical evidence exists regarding the practical implementation effects of IFRS 15 within Central Asian extractive industries, particularly concerning long-term contracts and variable consideration treatment. Aims: This study analyzes the impact of IFRS 15 adoption on revenue recognition practices at JSC Uzbekneftegaz by examining consolidated financial statements from 2018-2024 and interim 2025 data. Results: Implementation resulted in substantial methodological changes including indirect tax exclusion, enhanced variable consideration estimation, and time-based revenue recognition for specific services, though economic substance remained largely unchanged. Novelty: This research provides the first comprehensive empirical analysis of IFRS 15 application in Uzbekistan's oil and gas sector. Implications: Findings demonstrate that IFRS 15 enhances financial transparency, international comparability, and analytical utility of revenue data in extractive industries. Keywords : IFRS 15, Revenue Recognition, Oil and Gas Industry, Uzbekneftegaz, Financial Reporting Standards Highlight : Excluding indirect taxes from revenue improved transparency and international comparability of financial statements. Control-based recognition model clarified timing for long-term contracts and service-related revenue allocation. Variable consideration estimation enhanced measurement prudence, reducing risk of overstated financial results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Munisabonu Toshpulatova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving The Methodology of Managing Construction Materials Manufacturing Enterprises
General Background: The construction materials manufacturing industry plays a decisive role in national economic development, infrastructure modernization, and housing provision, requiring efficient enterprise management systems to meet growing demand while optimizing costs and ensuring quality. Specific Background: Construction materials enterprises face specific challenges including production process continuity, high energy and raw material intensity, significant logistics costs, and complex technological processes, yet management systems remain predominantly reactive with insufficient strategic planning and weak integration between strategic and operational levels. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive international literature on strategic management tools (Porter's competitive advantage, Balanced Scorecard, Lean, Theory of Constraints, ISO 9001) and domestic studies highlighting sectoral problems in Uzbekistan, a comprehensive integrated methodology systematically linking strategy, KPIs, process-based management, supply chain optimization, and quality systems adapted to construction materials manufacturing specifics remains underdeveloped. Aims: This study examines improving the management system methodology of construction materials manufacturing enterprises through scientific-theoretical and practical perspectives, analyzing production dynamics, import dependency, and growth stability using economic-mathematical methods. Results: Analysis of Uzbekistan's cement sector (2020-2024) revealed unstable growth patterns (CAGR 6.2%, coefficient of variation 14.32%, instability index 18.10%) with sharp fluctuations indicating reactive decision-making, energy supply disruptions, and insufficient supply chain coordination despite declining import dependency from 16.6% to 8.6%. Novelty: The research scientifically substantiates integrating KPIs/Balanced Scorecard, Theory of Constraints, Lean approaches, and ISO 9001 quality management within a unified comprehensive management methodology specifically adapted to construction materials sector characteristics. Implications: The proposed comprehensive approach provides a scientific foundation for modernizing management practices, enhancing resource efficiency, ensuring production sustainability, and strengthening competitiveness through systematic linkage of strategic objectives with operational execution and digital technology integration. Keywords : Construction Materials Management, Enterprise Performance Optimization, Strategic KPI Systems, Lean TOC Integration, Production Stability Analysis Highlight : Production volatility reveals reactive decision-making rather than strategic planning and forecasting mechanisms. Integration of KPIs, Balanced Scorecard, Lean, and Theory of Constraints creates comprehensive methodology. Import dependency declined from 16.6% to 8.6% between 2020 and 2024.
Copyright (c) 2026 Achilov Ilmurad Nematovich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Transformation in Supporting Accounting Automation in the Industrial Bank Iraq
General Background: Digital transformation is fundamentally reshaping accounting practices globally through technologies including artificial intelligence, automation, blockchain, and big data analytics. Specific Background: The Iraqi banking sector continues to rely on traditional manual processes and paper-based documentation, resulting in increased operational costs, effort, and time inefficiencies that hinder competitive performance. Knowledge Gap: While previous research has documented digital transformation's benefits in accounting, limited empirical evidence exists examining its specific impact on accounting automation within industrial banks in developing economies like Iraq. Aims: This study investigates how digital transformation contributes to enhancing accounting automation levels in the Industrial Bank Iraq, examining the relationships between digital transformation implementation, accounting practices, and automation outcomes. Results: Analysis of 42 accountants and auditors revealed a strong positive correlation (R=0.932) between digital transformation and accounting automation, with digital transformation explaining 86.9% of variance in accounting practices and automation performance, supporting both hypothesized relationships. Novelty: This research provides context-specific empirical evidence from Iraq's industrial banking sector, demonstrating quantifiable impacts of digital transformation on accounting automation in a transitioning economy. Implications: Findings suggest that industrial banks should prioritize digital transformation investments and provide comprehensive training programs to accountants and auditors, enabling them to leverage advanced technologies for improved financial reporting accuracy, operational efficiency, and competitive advantage. Keywords : Digital Transformation, Accounting Automation, Industrial Banking, Financial Technology, Iraqi Banking Sector Highlight : div]:bg-bg-000/50 [&_pre>div]:border-0.5 [&_pre>div]:border-border-400 [&_.ignore-pre-bg>div]:bg-transparent [&_.standard-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pl-2 [&_.standard-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,ul,ol,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pr-8 [&_.progressive-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pl-2 [&_.progressive-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,ul,ol,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pr-8"> _*]:min-w-0 standard-markdown"> Digital transformation increases accounting automation efficiency by 86.9% in industrial banks. Strong positive correlation (0.932) exists between digitalization and automated financial processes. Modern technologies eliminate manual procedures, reducing costs and improving decision-making speed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Neamah Abed, Faris Abdulzahra Abdulhussin Alkhalidy, Jinan Abed Khaji, Anmar Adnan Khudhair, Ahmed Obayes Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Joint Auditing and Modern Technological Environment in Auditor Report Quality
General Background: Joint auditing has emerged as a critical response to environmental changes in the business landscape, aiming to enhance professional performance and increase stakeholder confidence in financial reporting through collaborative audit approaches. Specific Background: The practice involves two or more independent auditors sharing audit responsibilities and jointly issuing a single audit report, while modern technological environments have introduced new dimensions to audit quality through electronic reporting systems and digital assurance services. Knowledge Gap: Despite recognition of joint auditing's potential benefits, limited empirical evidence exists regarding how the integration of joint auditing practices with elements of modern technological environments specifically enhances the quality of auditors' reports in public sector institutions. Aims: This research examines the relationship between joint auditing mechanisms and modern technological environmental elements in improving auditor report quality at the Federal Board of Supreme Audit, analyzing data from 2015 to 2024 using econometric modeling. Results: The econometric analysis revealed that joint auditing techniques explain 84.6% of variations in electronic audit report quality (R²=0.846), with audit committee expertise, meeting frequency, and technological integration demonstrating statistically significant positive impacts on report quality dimensions including relevance, reliability, comparability, and consistency. Novelty: This study uniquely applies autoregressive distributed lag modeling to demonstrate the long-term equilibrium relationship between joint auditing variables and electronic report quality in a supreme audit institution context, providing quantitative evidence of technological environment integration effects. Implications: Findings support regulatory frameworks promoting mandatory joint auditing adoption in financial institutions and emphasize the necessity of establishing professional institutes to govern joint audit practices while integrating continuous technological training for audit quality enhancement. Keywords : Joint Auditing, Technological Environment, Audit Report Quality, Electronic Reporting, Financial Statement Audit Highlight : Joint auditing enhances auditor independence and strengthens ability to detect fraud and errors effectively. Electronic reporting systems separate format design from execution across different software versions. Audit committee expertise increases electronic report quality by 1.13% per percentage point improvement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Mahmood Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Organizing Production Processes in the Construction Materials Industry Based on Quality Management Principles
General Background: The acceleration of globalization and intensification of competition in industrial sectors have positioned product quality as a key determinant of market position and long-term development prospects, particularly in the construction materials industry where quality directly affects public safety and structural reliability. Specific Background: The construction materials industry represents a technologically complex, multi-stage system requiring strict adherence to technological regimes, yet traditional management approaches focus primarily on finished product inspection rather than addressing root causes of quality deficiencies. Knowledge Gap: While foreign scholars have extensively addressed theoretical foundations and universal models of quality management, and domestic researchers have examined technological and standardization aspects, the comprehensive organization of production processes in the construction materials industry based on quality management principles remains insufficiently systematized. Aims: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of organizing production processes in the construction materials industry through quality management principles, examining theoretical foundations, scientific approaches, practical state, and recent statistical data to develop specific practical recommendations. Results: The research demonstrates that implementing quality management systems—including ISO 9001 standards, statistical quality control methods, and process-based approaches—stabilizes quality indicators, optimizes production costs, and enhances competitiveness while positively impacting environmental sustainability and social responsibility. Novelty: This study systematically integrates quality management principles with resource efficiency and environmental requirements as essential components of sustainable production organization in construction materials enterprises. Implications: The findings confirm that quality-oriented management strengthens enterprise positions in domestic and international markets, enhances investment attractiveness, and constitutes a critical direction for ensuring sustainable development of the construction materials sector and national economic competitiveness. Keywords : Quality Management Systems, Construction Materials Industry, Production Process Organization, ISO 9001 Implementation, Statistical Quality Control Highlight : Process-based quality control reduces defects more effectively than traditional post-production inspection methods. Statistical analysis integration enables forecasting of quality variations in cement and concrete manufacturing. ISO 9001 implementation requires strategic alignment and active management involvement beyond documentation compliance.
The Role of Generative Artificial Intelligence in the Success of Digital Project Management
General Background: Digital transformation has fundamentally altered administrative work through generative artificial intelligence (GAI), which enables human activity in developing novel content and creative solutions beyond existing paradigms. Specific Background: While GAI's theoretical frameworks are established globally, its integration with digital project management success within Arab administrative structures remains underexplored, particularly regarding how GAI dimensions interact with organizational efficiency. Knowledge Gap: Despite GAI's growing prominence, empirical evidence linking its specific dimensions—task definition, AI contribution, interaction methodology, AI structure, and human personality—to digital project management outcomes in developing economies is limited. Aims: This study investigates the relationship between GAI dimensions and digital project management success (organizational structure, technology, and digital innovation) among 188 employees at Iraq's Karbala Investment Authority using structural equation modeling. Results: GAI explains 43% of variance in digital project management success, with human personality (β=0.402), task definition (β=0.343), and AI contribution (β=0.278) showing significant positive effects, while interaction methodology and AI structure demonstrated non-significant impacts. Novelty: This research provides the first empirical Arabic-context framework demonstrating that human skills, behavior, and experience remain the primary drivers of digital project success when combined with GAI. Implications: Organizations must invest in behavioral and technical capabilities through command engineering training and digital simulation to bridge skills gaps and enable human-machine symbiosis for competitive advantage. Keywords : Generative Artificial Intelligence, Digital Project Management, AI Dimensions, Organizational Digital Transformation, Human-AI Collaboration Highlight : Human skills and behavior remain the primary driver of digital project success. Clear task definition significantly enhances AI-powered project automation and efficiency outcomes. AI contribution and human personality show stronger impact than technical infrastructure flexibility.
Development Prospects and Recommendations for Improving Methods for Assessing Digital Investment Potential
General Background: Economic growth represents a fundamental indicator of national development, primarily influenced by macroeconomic variables including inflation rates and banking sector liquidity, which respectively determine price stability and financial intermediation capacity. Specific Background: While previous research has examined inflation and growth relationships independently, the Russian Federation's transition economy provides a unique context for analyzing these dynamics, particularly given its significant financial stability fluctuations between 2000 and 2024. Knowledge Gap: The joint interactive effects of inflation and banking sector liquidity on economic growth remain inadequately explored, especially for transition economies where structural and institutional characteristics differ substantially from developed markets. Aims: This study empirically investigates the relationship between inflation, banking sector liquidity, and GDP growth in the Russian Federation using ordinary least squares regression with robust standard errors and logarithmic transformations applied to annual data from 2000 to 2024. Results: The analysis reveals that inflation exhibits a positive and statistically significant effect on GDP growth (coefficient = 0.507, p = 0.0001 in the log-log-log model with R² = 0.650), while banking sector liquidity demonstrates a weaker, secondary impact requiring cautious interpretation. Novelty: This research uniquely examines inflation and banking liquidity as joint interactive economic phenomena rather than isolated variables, employing comprehensive model comparisons including multiple logarithmic transformation approaches. Implications: These findings suggest that controlled inflation management can stimulate economic activity and sustainable growth, while banking liquidity plays a supportive role, offering valuable guidance for central banks and policymakers in transition economies regarding monetary policy formulation and financial stability management. Keywords : Economic Growth, Inflation, Banking Sector Liquidity, OLS Regression, Russian Economy Highlight : div]:bg-bg-000/50 [&_pre>div]:border-0.5 [&_pre>div]:border-border-400 [&_.ignore-pre-bg>div]:bg-transparent [&_.standard-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pl-2 [&_.standard-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,ul,ol,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pr-8 [&_.progressive-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pl-2 [&_.progressive-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,ul,ol,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pr-8"> _*]:min-w-0 gap-3 standard-markdown"> Inflation demonstrates positive statistical significance on Russian GDP growth (2000-2024 analysis). Banking sector liquidity shows weaker influence requiring cautious interpretation in growth models. Log-Log-Log transformation achieves highest explanatory power with R² of 0.650.
Copyright (c) 2026 Karakulov Farkhod Zaypudinovich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrated Reporting Quality Mediates Governance Mechanisms and Firm Value
General Background Corporate reporting has shifted toward integrated disclosure to address rising demands for transparency, accountability, and long-term value creation. Specific Background Within state-owned enterprises, complex ownership structures and restructuring programs intensify information asymmetry, making credible reporting mechanisms increasingly relevant. Knowledge Gap Prior empirical evidence on the links between corporate governance, capital structure, reporting practices, and firm value remains inconsistent, while studies rarely apply a quality-based measure of Integrated Reporting or examine its mediating role in emerging market SOEs. Aims This study examines whether Integrated Reporting quality mediates the relationships between corporate governance mechanisms, leverage, and firm value in Indonesian state-owned enterprises. Results Using panel data from 21 firms during 2021–2024 and multiple regression with Sobel testing, the findings show that board of directors, board of commissioners, audit committee, and leverage are positively associated with Integrated Reporting quality. Integrated Reporting quality is positively related to firm value and partially mediates the relationships between governance mechanisms, leverage, and firm value, while institutional ownership shows a weaker direct role. Novelty The study introduces a quality-based Integrated Reporting measurement emphasizing coherence, connectivity, and decision usefulness, extending signaling theory within the SOE context. Implications The results underscore Integrated Reporting quality as a strategic transmission mechanism linking governance and financial structure to market valuation, highlighting its relevance for transparency and long-term value creation in state-owned enterprises. Highlights: Internal oversight structures are closely associated with higher coherence and connectivity of corporate disclosures. Reporting quality functions as a transmission mechanism linking oversight arrangements and leverage to market valuation. Capital structure pressures encourage more comprehensive integration of financial and non-financial information. Keywords: Corporate Governance, Integrated Reporting Quality, Firm Value, SOEs
Copyright (c) 2026 Anggun Trisnani, Rindu Rika Gamayuni, Pigo Nauli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Internship Experience and Grit Shape Gen Z Work Readiness
General Background: Work readiness is a central issue in human capital development, particularly in the context of Sustainable Development Goals and youth employment in emerging regions. Specific Background: In West Nusa Tenggara Province, open unemployment remains dominated by tertiary-educated graduates, indicating a mismatch between higher education outcomes and labor market demands among Generation Z fresh graduates. Knowledge Gap: Although prior studies have examined internship experience, work motivation, and grit separately, limited research has integrated these variables within a comprehensive model of work readiness grounded in Human Capital and Employability Capital theories. Aims: This study analyzes the relationships between internship experience, work motivation, and grit and their contribution to work readiness among 101 Gen Z fresh graduates using a quantitative survey and multiple linear regression. Results: The findings demonstrate that internship experience and grit have positive and statistically significant associations with work readiness, whereas work motivation does not show a significant partial relationship; collectively, the three variables significantly explain 53.3% of the variance in work readiness (R² = 0.533). Novelty: This study positions grit as the most dominant predictor within an integrated human capital framework combining experiential and psychological dimensions. Implications: The results underscore the importance of structured industry-relevant internship programs and the integration of grit-based character development in higher education curricula to strengthen graduate competitiveness in regional labor markets. Highlights: Practical workplace exposure shows a statistically significant positive association with graduate preparedness for employment. Psychological perseverance emerges as the strongest predictor within the regression model. The combined model accounts for 53.3% of variance in employment preparedness among respondents. Keywords: Gen Z, Grit, Work Readiness, Internship Experience, Work Motivation
Copyright (c) 2026 Intan Safitri, Luluk Fadliyanti, Nadia Nuril Ferdaus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clinico-Immunobiochemical Markers of Destructive Cholecystitis
General Background: Gallstone disease and its inflammatory complications remain a major concern in hepatobiliary surgery, with destructive cholecystitis frequently associated with severe postoperative morbidity. Specific Background: Progression from chronic calculous cholecystitis to acute purulent-destructive forms involves systemic inflammatory activation, metabolic disturbances, and immune dysregulation measurable through clinical, laboratory, biochemical, and immunological parameters. Knowledge Gap: However, early identification of patients at high risk of complications based on integrated clinico-immunobiochemical indicators has not been sufficiently systematized. Aims: This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of clinical and laboratory markers and to formulate preventive recommendations for early risk assessment in destructive cholecystitis. Results: In 111 patients, acute purulent-destructive cases demonstrated higher total cholesterol (7.81 ± 0.12 mmol/L), elevated LDL (3.44 ± 0.10 mmol/L), reduced HDL (0.89 ± 0.04 mmol/L), and markedly increased proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α (68.5 ± 2.74 pg/mL) and IL-6 (24.8 ± 1.12 pg/mL) compared with chronic cholecystitis and controls; imaging revealed more frequent gallbladder wall destruction, biliary hypertension, and ascites, accompanied by greater postoperative complication rates. Novelty: The study integrates cytokine profiling, lipid parameters, and instrumental findings into a unified clinico-immunobiochemical framework for early complication prediction. Implications: Comprehensive assessment of these markers supports personalized preventive strategies, optimized surgical planning, and timely identification of high-risk patients, thereby improving clinical decision-making and perioperative safety in destructive cholecystitis. Keywords: Destructive Cholecystitis, Cytokine Profile, TNF-α, Interleukin-6, Lipid Metabolism Key Findings Highlights: Acute purulent cases presented markedly higher proinflammatory mediator concentrations compared with chronic forms and controls. Dyslipidemia characterized by raised total cholesterol and LDL with decreased HDL distinguished severe disease groups. Combined laboratory and imaging indicators enabled earlier detection of patients prone to postoperative complications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdullokulov Umid Maxmudjonovich, Fayzullaeva Nigora Yakhyayevna, Abdumajidov Abdugafur Shukurovich, Zuparov Kamoliddin Farkhadovich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reducing Warehouse Errors Using FMEA and Poka-Yoke at Bonded Logistics Center
General Background Warehouse operations play a critical role in maintaining supply chain continuity, particularly within bonded logistics centers subject to strict customs regulations. Specific Background At the bonded logistics center warehouse of PT XYZ, frequent operational errors in receiving and picking processes have resulted in customer claims and potential customs penalties. Knowledge Gap Despite the operational risks, structured risk prioritization and systematic error-prevention mechanisms in bonded warehouse contexts remain insufficiently documented. Aims This study aims to identify, prioritize, and mitigate operational errors in receiving and picking activities using Failure Mode and Effect Analysis and Poka Yoke. Results The analysis reveals that the highest risk in receiving arises from failure to inspect sampling goods across different raw material types, while incorrect item retrieval constitutes the most critical risk in picking, both indicated by elevated Risk Priority Number values. Novelty This study integrates FMEA-based risk prioritization with control and warning-based Poka Yoke mechanisms specifically tailored to bonded warehouse operations. Implications The proposed revisions to work instructions, automated barcode input, pick-to-light systems, and priority rack arrangements provide a structured approach to reducing recurring errors, supporting customs compliance, and strengthening warehouse reliability within bonded logistics environments. Highlights: Critical risks were concentrated in inspection omissions and order retrieval mismatches. Risk Priority Number analysis enabled clear prioritization of operational failures. Preventive mechanisms combined procedural controls with visual warning systems. Keywords: FMEA, Picking, Poka Yoke, Receiving, Risk Mitigation
Copyright (c) 2026 Elvi Anggino Erzon, Iriani Iriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review Of Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Water by Complexation-Assisted Ultrafiltration
The escalating contamination of water resources by heavy metal ions poses critical environmental and public health challenges, necessitating efficient remediation technologies. This review examines the application of Complexation-Assisted Ultrafiltration (CP-UF), alternatively termed Polymer-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (PEUF), as an advanced membrane-based separation process for removing toxic heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The study systematically analyzes two distinct approaches: synthetic polymers including Polyethylene Glycol (PEG 5000) and Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose (DEAE-cellulose) for zinc and cadmium removal, and natural biopolymer Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for copper, nickel, and chromium elimination. Through comprehensive evaluation of experimental data from ultrafiltration membrane systems operated under varying conditions, the research demonstrates that DEAE-cellulose achieves exceptional rejection rates up to 99% for Zn(II) at pH 9.0 and 300 kPa pressure, while CMC exhibits superior performance exceeding 97% rejection for Cu(II), Ni(II), and Cr(III) at neutral to alkaline pH conditions. Critical operational parameters including solution pH, applied transmembrane pressure, membrane molecular weight cut-off, and polymer concentration significantly influence both permeate flux and metal ion retention efficiency. The novelty of this work lies in the comparative assessment of synthetic versus natural polymeric ligands, revealing that amino-functionalized DEAE-cellulose forms stable coordination complexes through nitrogen electron donation, whereas CMC utilizes carboxyl and hydroxyl groups for metal binding in pH-dependent octahedral or square planar configurations. Furthermore, the study establishes the economic and environmental feasibility of polymer regeneration through pH adjustment or chemical cleaning cycles, enabling multiple reuse iterations. These findings advance membrane separation theory by validating osmotic pressure models in complexation-ultrafiltration systems and provide practical implications for industrial wastewater treatment, particularly for low-concentration heavy metal effluents where conventional precipitation methods prove inadequate, thereby supporting sustainable water resource management and regulatory compliance in chemical engineering applications. Keywords : Filtration, Complexation-Ultrafiltration, Polymer-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (PEUF), Heavy Metal Removal, Water-Soluble Polymers Highlight : DEAE-cellulose mencapai rejeksi 99% untuk Zn(II) pada pH 9,0 dengan tekanan 300 kPa CMC menghasilkan rejeksi >97% untuk Cu(II), Ni(II), dan Cr(III) pada pH ≥7 Regenerasi polimer melalui penyesuaian pH memungkinkan penggunaan berulang dalam siklus pemisahan logam.
Copyright (c) 2025 Azeez Sakran Abed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stationary And Non-Stationary Photocurrent in a Symmetric Nematic Cell with Methyl Red
General Background: Liquid crystal photovoltaics and photoelectric phenomena have garnered significant scientific interest due to their applications in optoelectronic sensing, light energy conversion, and functional soft matter systems. Specific Background: Methyl red, as an organic dye, possesses excellent visible light absorption capacity and fast photoionization characteristics, making it suitable for investigating photocurrent generation mechanisms in symmetric nematic cells. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies have either provided only qualitative descriptions of the photovoltaic effect or examined limited thickness ranges, lacking systematic exploration of how cell thickness and temperature-dependent activation processes influence photocurrent behavior in dye-doped liquid crystal systems. Aims: This study systematically investigates stationary and non-stationary photocurrents in symmetric nematic liquid crystal cells doped with methyl red across a wide range of thicknesses (1-100 μm) and temperatures. Results: The activation energy for charge carrier transport ranges from 0.05 eV to 0.87 eV across different cell thicknesses, with activation energy increasing as cell thickness decreases, while peak photocurrent values increase with decreasing thickness due to enhanced capacitance effects. Novelty: This work provides the first comprehensive quantitative analysis linking cell thickness to activation energy variations in methyl red-doped nematic systems. Implications: These findings advance understanding of charge transport mechanisms in dye-doped liquid crystals and offer critical design considerations for low-voltage optoelectronic devices, light sensors, and advanced liquid crystal-based energy conversion systems. Keywords : Photocurrent, Methyl Red, Nematic Liquid Crystal, Activation Energy, Cell Thickness Highlight : Peak photocurrent amplitude increases with decreasing cell thickness due to enhanced capacitance effects. Activation energy ranges from 0.05 eV to 0.87 eV, rising as layer thickness decreases. Light absorption in thicker nematic layers increases steady-state current through reduced grounded electrode transmission.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ziarmal Mawla Khan, Arian Abdul Ahad, Babazoi Basher Ahmad, Ziarmal Awal Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hierarchical AI Control and Protection for Renewable Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids
General Background: The transition toward large-scale wind and solar integration requires transmission infrastructures capable of stable long-distance power delivery. Specific Background: Multi-terminal VSC-HVDC grids provide this capability but introduce complex coordination challenges in control and ultra-fast DC fault protection. Knowledge Gap: Existing studies treat advanced control and protection as separate problems, limiting system-level coordination during disturbances and contingencies. Aims: This study develops a unified hierarchical AI-driven architecture that integrates deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for primary converter control, an AI-based secondary coordinator for system-wide optimization, and a CNN-assisted hybrid protection scheme for rapid fault management. Results: Co-simulation on a modified CIGRE B4 MTDC benchmark with wind and PV sources shows 62.4% faster settling time, 62.2% lower voltage overshoot, 98.93% fault classification accuracy with 0.61 ms detection latency, and 44.4% faster recovery under N-1 contingencies. Novelty: The work presents a single AI framework that jointly governs normal operation and emergency fault response across hierarchical control layers. Implications: The approach supports resilient, self-adaptive, and protection-aware MTDC grids for renewable-dominated power systems. Highlights: Unified AI architecture for control and protection in MTDC systems. Millisecond-level fault detection with high classification accuracy. Significant improvements in dynamic stability and contingency recovery. Keywords: VSC-HVDC, Deep Reinforcement Learning, Fault Protection, MTDC Grid, Renewable Integration
VSM Reduces Lead Time in Fabrication Material Warehouse Operations
General Background Global competition has increased the strategic role of warehousing within supply chain management, particularly in supporting production reliability and logistics performance. Specific Background Fabrication material warehouses in engineering and construction companies often experience inefficiencies caused by non-value-added activities, excessive inventory, transportation constraints, and waiting time. Knowledge Gap Empirical studies that systematically integrate Value Stream Mapping, Process Activity Mapping, and the Waste Assessment Model to quantify and prioritize waste in fabrication material warehouses remain limited. Aims This study aims to identify dominant waste types and redesign warehouse activities using a lean warehousing approach at a fabrication material warehouse of PT XYZ. Results The current state analysis shows a total lead time of 891 minutes with 557 minutes of value-added time and 11 non-value-added activities. The future state Value Stream Mapping reduces lead time to 689 minutes, indicating a 23% improvement in warehouse activity performance through reduced delay and non-value-added processes. Novelty This study combines Value Stream Mapping, Process Activity Mapping, and the Waste Assessment Model to provide an integrated and structured waste identification framework for fabrication material warehousing. Implications The findings offer practical guidance for warehouse layout management, inventory control, and activity synchronization, supporting more efficient material flow and improved operational reliability in fabrication warehouse operations. Highlights: Non-value-added activities dominated delay and material handling processes within warehouse operations. Integrated mapping and waste analysis enabled measurable time reduction across storage and loading stages. Structured improvement recommendations supported better coordination of material flow and documentation processes. Keywords: Lean Warehousing, Process Activity Mapping, Waste Assessment Model, Fabrication
Copyright (c) 2026 Regan Fitra Ramadhan, Dira Ernawati, Isna Nugraha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficiency of Village Regulations in Indonesia
Background: Village regulations constitute a fundamental legal instrument in Indonesia’s regional autonomy framework, positioning villages as the lowest yet autonomous level of governance. Specific background: The enactment of Law Number 6 of 2014 on Villages provides a legal basis for villages to formulate regulations reflecting community aspirations, democratic values, and local wisdom. Knowledge gap: Despite this framework, the efficiency of village regulations remains constrained by regulatory inconsistency, political dynamics, and limited institutional capacity at the village level. Aims: This study examines the efficiency of village regulations through the construction of legal politics based on philosophical, juridical, and sociological foundations. Results: The findings indicate that regulatory alignment across levels of government and village institutional capacity play a central role in shaping regulatory efficiency. Novelty: This research positions village regulation efficiency as a product of legal–political construction rather than administrative compliance. Implications: Strengthening participatory mechanisms and harmonizing legal frameworks are essential to support efficient village governance and sustainable local development in Indonesia. Highlights Village regulations operate within legal and political constraints. Regulatory alignment supports efficient village governance. Institutional capacity shapes regulatory implementation at village level. Keywords Village Regulations, Legal Politics, Regional Autonomy, Local Governance, Participatory Governance
Copyright (c) 2025 Firda Nur Hizrah, Viona Adira Kosuma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Democratic Deficit in the Governance of the Indonesian Capital City
Background: The relocation of Indonesia’s national capital to East Kalimantan has introduced a distinctive governance arrangement for the administration of the Indonesian Capital City. Specific background: This arrangement is implemented through the Indonesian Capital Authority, a ministerial-level institution directly accountable to the President and operating outside the conventional regional government system. Knowledge gap: Limited legal scholarship has examined how this governance model aligns with good governance principles and democratic constitutional norms. Aims: This study analyzes the governance of the Indonesian Capital City by examining the position and authority of the Indonesian Capital Authority within the framework of good governance. Results: The findings show that the concentration of extensive administrative powers in the absence of a local representative body generates accountability gaps, weak public participation, and limited checks and balances. Novelty: This research conceptualizes the democratic deficit in the governance of the Indonesian Capital City through an administrative law and constitutional perspective. Implications: The study highlights the need for regulatory restructuring and oversight mechanisms to ensure transparent, accountable, and democratically grounded governance. Highlights The governance of the Indonesian Capital City is characterized by centralized authority. The absence of local representative institutions reflects a democratic deficit. Good governance principles are not fully reflected in the current governance structure. Keywords Indonesian Capital Authority, Good Governance, Democratic Deficit, Capital City Governance, Constitutional Administration
Copyright (c) 2025 Rena Puspita Dewi Purba, Mayang Rabbani, Firli Novansyah Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Political Dynasties Undermine Democratic Governance and Constitutional Integrity in Indonesia
Political dynasties represent a systemic challenge to Indonesia’s constitutional democracy by consolidating hereditary power that contradicts the principles of meritocracy, equal political access, and institutional accountability. This research aims to analyze how political dynasties distort democratic governance and weaken constitutional mechanisms that safeguard state integrity. Using a library research method supported by systematic content analysis of academic literature, legal sources, and policy documents, the study finds that dynastic politics institutionalize oligarchic power structures, suppress competitive leadership regeneration, and increase risks of corruption, collusion, and nepotism. The findings demonstrate that dynastic networks interfere with the separation of powers, politicize public resource allocation, bias representative functions toward familial interests, and reduce institutional autonomy within the constitutional framework. Although dynasties may provide policy continuity in certain contexts, these advantages are conditional and outweighed by structural threats to legal integrity and public trust. The novelty of this study lies in extending the discussion from electoral and regional governance to the broader constitutional domain, characterizing dynastic politics as a constitutional disruption rather than merely a political phenomenon. The implications suggest the need for transparent political recruitment, regulatory restrictions on hereditary candidacy, enhanced oversight mechanisms, and civic education to reinforce democratic resilience. These measures are essential to prevent the normalization of hereditary power and to protect constitutional democracy in Indonesia from long-term institutional degradation. Highlights • Political dynasties weaken constitutional accountability and democratic governance • Hereditary power restricts leadership succession and public institutional autonomy • Oligarchic networks increase corruption risks and distort public representation Keywords Political Dynasties; Constitutional Democracy; Democratic Governance; Meritocracy; Oligarchic Power
Copyright (c) 2025 Aulia Putri Insani, Aldlyan Meilani, Nurul Iman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Good Governance Practices In Archipelagic Regional Administration
General Background: Good governance constitutes a fundamental framework for public administration aimed at ensuring transparency, accountability, participation, and justice within governmental processes. Specific Background: In Indonesia, regional governments with archipelagic characteristics face distinct administrative and geographic challenges, particularly in public service distribution, access to information, and citizen participation, as experienced by the Riau Islands Province. Knowledge Gap: Existing studies predominantly examine good governance within continental or urban contexts, while empirical analysis focusing on archipelagic regional governance remains limited. Aims: This study analyzes the application of good governance principles in regional government administration in the Riau Islands Province and identifies supporting factors, constraints, and governance-strengthening strategies aligned with archipelagic conditions. Results: The findings indicate that transparency is pursued through public information disclosure and digital governance initiatives, accountability is implemented via performance evaluation mechanisms and the Government Agency Performance Accountability System, and public participation is facilitated through development planning forums; however, persistent challenges include corruption practices, low public literacy, digital disparities, and uneven bureaucratic capacity. Novelty: This research offers a governance framework specifically formulated for archipelagic regions by integrating service-oriented bureaucratic reform, digital transformation, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Implications: The study provides contextual insights for regional policymakers in designing governance arrangements that align with archipelagic administrative realities and support transparent, accountable, and sustainable regional administration. Highlights • Transparency initiatives rely on public information disclosure and digital governance systems • Accountability mechanisms remain predominantly procedural due to limited public engagement • Archipelagic governance requires integrated bureaucratic reform and digital coordination Keywords Good Governance; Regional Government; Archipelagic Area; Digital Governance; Public Administration
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizky Ramadhanu, Ghazwan Hakim, Vina Amanda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Protection for Wives in Joint Property Division After Divorce
General Background: The division of joint property following divorce remains a central issue in Indonesian family law, particularly under the normative framework of the Marriage Law and the Compilation of Islamic Law, which traditionally emphasize equal distribution. Specific Background: In practice, rigid application of a 50:50 division often fails to address situations where one spouse bears a dominant economic role, especially in cases involving wives as primary breadwinners. Knowledge Gap: There is limited doctrinal clarity on how courts should reconcile formal equality norms with factual disparities in economic contribution within marriage. Aims: This study aims to analyze legal protection for wives in joint property disputes where husbands fail to contribute economically, as reflected in Blitar Religious Court Decision Number 1560/Pdt.G/2023/PA.BL. Results: Using a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, the study finds that the court allocated 80% of joint property to the wife and 20% to the husband, based on evidence of the wife’s exclusive financial contribution and the husband’s failure to fulfill economic obligations. Novelty: The decision demonstrates judicial recognition that justice in joint property division need not follow a mathematical formula, but may adopt proportional distribution grounded in substantive justice. Implications: This ruling provides an important precedent for strengthening legal protection for wives, affirming that factual economic contributions and vulnerability after divorce must guide equitable resolution of joint property disputes in Indonesian religious courts. Highlights: Judicial reasoning prioritized factual economic roles over formal equal-sharing norms. Proportional allocation was grounded in evidence of exclusive financial responsibility. The ruling strengthens doctrinal support for equity-based asset distribution in divorce cases Keywords: Joint Property, Legal Protection for Wife, Divorce, Economic Contribution, Court Decision.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mutiara Far'h Riasya, Moh. Muhibbin, Budi Parmono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Executive–Legislative Relations in Appointing the Indonesian National Police Chief
General Background The post-amendment 1945 Constitution establishes Indonesia as a presidential system with the President holding supreme executive authority, supported by a framework of checks and balances. Specific Background Within this framework, Article 11 paragraph (1) of Law No. 2 of 2002 requires approval from the House of Representatives in appointing the Chief of the Indonesian National Police, generating sustained constitutional and theoretical debate. Knowledge Gap Existing discussions have not sufficiently clarified whether this approval mechanism constitutes a limitation on presidential authority or operates as a confirmation instrument consistent with presidentialism. Aims This study aims to examine the conformity of the DPR approval requirement with presidential system principles under the 1945 Constitution and to analyze its implications for presidential executive authority. Results Using normative legal research with legislative, conceptual, and historical approaches, the study finds that DPR involvement functions as a confirmation power within the checks and balances mechanism rather than a transfer or reduction of executive authority. Novelty The study demonstrates that the approval mechanism preserves the President’s role as the sole proposer of candidates while situating legislative participation within constitutionally justified oversight. Implications These findings affirm that DPR approval strengthens public accountability and institutional legitimacy without altering the fundamental structure of Indonesia’s presidential system, thereby supporting constitutional consistency and governance stability. Highlights: DPR participation operates as a confirmation mechanism rather than an appointment authority. Presidential control over national security leadership remains constitutionally intact. Legislative involvement contributes to accountability and institutional legitimacy. Keywords : Presidential System, Checks and Balances, DPR Approval, Executive Authority, Police Chief Appointment
Copyright (c) 2026 Hisyam Hisyam, Rahmatul Hidayati, Budi Parmono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transitional Legal Protection through Physical Possession and Civil Remedies for Unregistered Girik Land in Indonesia
General Background Land remains a fundamental economic and social asset, and legal certainty in land administration is central to rights protection. Specific Background Girik is still widely used in Jakarta, Banten, and West Java as evidence of historical control over former customary land, yet its legal position has weakened after Government Regulation No. 18 of 2021 on land registration, with a recognition deadline of 2 February 2026. Knowledge Gap The available transitional legal safeguards and practical obstacles for girik holders whose parcels remain outside the national land administration system require clearer articulation. Aims This study examines the forms and mechanisms of legal protection for unregistered girik holders and identifies the main barriers they face. Results Using a normative juridical approach, the study finds that safeguards remain available through recognition of physical control, access to civil litigation provided no good-faith protected certificate exists, and the state obligation to systematically organize land registration; however, low public awareness, BPHTB cost burdens, limited historical documentation, and institutional capacity constraints hinder optimal legal certainty. Novelty The study consolidates a transitional protection framework that links physical possession recognition and civil remedies to the post-deadline evidentiary shift under PP 18/2021. Implications The study recommends accelerating PTSL, subsidizing registration fees, harmonizing BPHTB regulations, and digitizing legacy evidence to support an inclusive transition to formal land titles. Highlights: Historical tax-based documentation becomes limited to evidence of physical control after 2 February 2026. Civil claims remain available unless a good-faith certificate is legally protected. PTSL acceleration, fee subsidies, BPHTB harmonization, and legacy-evidence digitization are proposed to advance legal certainty. Keywords: Girik Land, Legal Protection, Legal Certainty
Copyright (c) 2025 Octavia Alida Mochtar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Indonesian and US Bankruptcy Laws in the Protection of Creditors and Debtors
General Background Bankruptcy law functions as a collective debt resolution mechanism intended to balance legal certainty, economic stability, and fairness between creditors and debtors in modern business systems. Specific Background Indonesia regulates bankruptcy through Law Number 37 of 2004 on Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, while the United States applies the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, particularly Chapters 7 and 11, reflecting different legal traditions and policy orientations. Knowledge Gap Despite extensive discussions on each system, systematic comparison focusing on creditor and debtor protection principles remains limited in highlighting structural and philosophical distinctions. Aims This study aims to compare the bankruptcy regimes of Indonesia and the United States with emphasis on mechanisms, principles, and legal protections afforded to creditors and debtors. Results The findings show that both systems recognize bankruptcy as a collective proceeding, apply creditor priority rules, and provide liquidation and reorganization pathways; however, Indonesia emphasizes procedural simplicity and creditor certainty, whereas the United States prioritizes debtor protection through automatic stay, debtor-in-possession, and reorganization-oriented frameworks. Novelty The study presents an integrated comparative analysis that links procedural design with underlying legal philosophy in both jurisdictions. Implications These findings offer a conceptual reference for bankruptcy law reform in Indonesia by identifying comparative elements that may support a more balanced protection structure for creditors and debtors within evolving economic conditions. Highlights: Both jurisdictions adopt collective debt settlement with structured creditor priority arrangements. Indonesia relies on simplified procedural thresholds, while the United States applies debtor-centered reorganization mechanisms. Divergent legal philosophies shape distinct institutional roles for courts, creditors, and debtors. Keywords: Bankruptcy, Creditor, Debtor, PKPU, Bankruptcy Law, Comparative Law
Copyright (c) 2026 Anisa Defbi Mariana, I Gede Agus Kurniawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synergy Between State Administrative Law And Criminal Law In Asn Discipline Enforcement
General Background: Discipline enforcement among State Civil Apparatus (ASN) constitutes a fundamental pillar of clean and accountable governance within a constitutional state framework. Specific Background: In practice, disciplinary violations by ASN frequently intersect with criminal law, particularly in cases involving abuse of authority, corruption, and misconduct that threaten public trust, creating risks of overlapping authority and sanctions. Knowledge Gap: Existing discussions often address administrative and criminal mechanisms separately, leaving uncertainty regarding their coordinated application in ASN discipline enforcement. Aims: This study examines the relationship between State Administrative Law and Criminal Law in enforcing ASN discipline through a normative juridical approach based on administrative governance regulations and Government Regulation Number 94 of 2021. Results: The findings demonstrate that the two legal regimes operate in a complementary manner, with administrative law functioning as a supervisory and corrective framework, while criminal law is applied when violations exceed administrative boundaries and cause public harm. Novelty: This research emphasizes the principle of ultimum remedium as the primary normative basis for determining sanction priority, positioning criminal sanctions as a last legal measure. Implications: The study provides structured guidance for civil service development authorities and law enforcement institutions to ensure proportional, coordinated, and legally certain handling of ASN disciplinary violations within an integrated governance system. Highlights • Administrative sanctions operate as the primary supervisory mechanism in ASN discipline handling • Criminal proceedings are reserved for violations exceeding administrative responsibility and public interest thresholds • The ultimum remedium principle structures sanction prioritization within a layered accountability system Keywords ASN Discipline; State Administrative Law; Criminal Law; Ultimum Remedium; Public Governance
Copyright (c) 2026 Maybellina Beatrix, Vrestissya Septiani Rahmadiana, Zahra Wati Qhoiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Weaknesses in Enforcing Good Governance Principles in Licensing Corruption
General Background: The General Principles of Good Governance constitute fundamental norms in state administrative law that guide the legality of governmental actions. Specific Background: In Indonesia’s licensing administration, these principles are formally regulated to ensure legal certainty, transparency, accountability, and public interest, yet licensing practices frequently deviate through abuse of authority and corruption cases. Knowledge Gap: Existing enforcement mechanisms tend to prioritize criminal prosecution without first addressing administrative violations, resulting in weak integration between administrative law and criminal law. Aims: This study aims to analyze juridically the enforcement of Good Governance Principles in licensing corruption cases and to clarify the proper qualification of such violations within the administrative law framework. Results: The findings demonstrate that violations of Good Governance Principles in licensing constitute abuse of authority that should be initially addressed as administrative violations before criminal proceedings, in order to ensure legal coherence. Novelty: This study emphasizes the juridical positioning of administrative sanctions as a preliminary mechanism prior to criminal liability in licensing corruption cases. Implications: Strengthening regulations, internal supervision by governmental auditors, the role of the Ombudsman, and licensing digitalization is essential to support transparent, accountable, and clean governance based on administrative law principles. Highlights • Licensing corruption reflects systemic violations of good governance principles through abuse of administrative authority • Administrative accountability remains weak due to limited integration between administrative and criminal legal frameworks • Strengthening supervisory institutions and digital licensing systems is central to clean and accountable governance Keywords General Principles Of Good Governance; Abuse Of Authority; Licensing Corruption; State Administrative Law; Administrative Enforcement
Copyright (c) 2026 Jhon Elvis Situmeang, Rizki Jutarido Zahri, Arfiansyah Arfiansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green Marketing, Greenwashing, and Premium Pricing Effects on Agrochemical Sales Performance
General Background: The agrochemical industry faces growing public scrutiny as sustainability concerns and environmental risks of synthetic chemicals intensify, prompting firms to integrate sustainability-oriented strategies into their business models. Specific Background: In Indonesia, agrochemical companies increasingly rely on green marketing communication, sustainability claims, and premium pricing to position green chemical products amid regulatory pressure and rising environmental awareness. Knowledge Gap: Empirical evidence remains limited regarding how green marketing, greenwashing practices, and premium pricing are simultaneously associated with sales performance in the agrochemical sector, particularly from the perspective of marketing practitioners. Aims: This study examines the relationships between green marketing strategies, greenwashing practices, and premium pricing with the sales performance of green chemical products, while assessing the moderating role of premium pricing. Results: Quantitative analysis using regression and moderated regression analysis indicates that green marketing, greenwashing, and premium pricing are each positively and significantly associated with sales performance, whereas premium pricing does not significantly moderate the relationships between green marketing or greenwashing and sales performance. Novelty: The study demonstrates that, within the Indonesian agrochemical context, greenwashing practices can be associated with short-term sales performance alongside green marketing and premium pricing. Implications: The findings suggest that agrochemical firms should prioritize credible and transparent sustainability communication and apply value-based pricing, as sales performance is driven by direct strategic signals rather than interaction effects among sustainability marketing and pricing strategies. Highlights: Sustainability-oriented communication shows a positive association with product sales outcomes. Short-term market gains are observed alongside unverified environmental claims. Price positioning serves as a direct market signal rather than an interaction mechanism. Keywords: Green Marketing, Greenwashing, Premium Pricing, Sales Performance, Agrochemical Industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Andreas Marcellius Stevenson, Teofilus Teofilus, Lexi Pranata Budidharmanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Eradication of Human Trafficking Crimes in Myanmar
General Background Human trafficking constitutes a serious form of transnational organized crime that directly violates human rights and disproportionately targets vulnerable populations, particularly migrant workers. Specific Background In Southeast Asia, Myanmar—especially the Myawaddy region following the 2021 coup—has emerged as a hub for online scamming operations and forced labor exploitation involving Indonesian nationals. Knowledge Gap Despite extensive victim repatriation efforts, limitations remain in cross-border law enforcement due to the absence of bilateral extradition arrangements and ongoing political instability in Myanmar. Aims This study examines Indonesia’s juridical responses to trafficking cases involving Indonesian citizens in Myanmar by analyzing the fulfillment of legal elements under Law No. 21 of 2007 and the application of international criminal law principles. Results The findings demonstrate that the cases meet all constituent elements of trafficking, namely actus reus, means, and mens rea, enabling Indonesia to invoke active and passive nationality principles, supported by Mutual Legal Assistance, INTERPOL Red Notice mechanisms, and ASEAN cooperation frameworks. Novelty The study highlights the strategic reliance on regional and international legal instruments as substitutes for formal extradition in a conflict-affected jurisdiction. Implications Strengthening ASEAN commitments, advancing an ASEAN Extradition Treaty, and optimizing existing cooperative mechanisms are essential to reinforce cross-border accountability and protection of Indonesian victims of human trafficking. Highlights: Trafficking cases involving Indonesian citizens satisfied all statutory elements under national anti-trafficking law. Active and passive nationality principles provide a legal basis for prosecution and victim protection beyond territorial limits. Regional and international cooperation mechanisms function as critical alternatives amid absent bilateral extradition arrangements. Keywords: Human Trafficking, Myanmar, Bilateral Cooperation
Copyright (c) 2026 Angelika Giovani, Marcell William Sondang Hutagaol https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Muhallil Marriage in Islamic Law and Women’s Rights
General Background: Muhallil marriage, conducted after a triple divorce to permit remarriage with a former husband, remains a contested issue in Islamic family law due to its ethical and legal implications. Specific Background: Classical jurisprudence debates its formal validity, while contemporary practices reveal recurring manipulation that places women in vulnerable positions. Knowledge Gap: Existing studies largely address doctrinal legality or socio-legal aspects, with limited integration of feminist jurisprudence and maqasid al-shariah, particularly within the Indonesian context. Aims: This study aims to examine the concept and practice of muhallil marriage through classical and contemporary Islamic legal thought and to critically assess it using feminist jurisprudence and maqasid al-shariah perspectives. Results: Based on a qualitative literature review of fiqh texts, fatwas, religious court decisions, and feminist legal scholarship, the findings indicate that muhallil marriage contradicts the objective of preserving human dignity (ḥifẓ al-‘irḍ) and undermines gender justice within maqasid al-shariah. Feminist jurisprudence identifies the practice as instrumentalizing women for the interests of others. Novelty: The study integrates Jasser Auda’s maqasid framework with feminist jurisprudence, an approach rarely combined in prior research on muhallil marriage. Implications: The findings support the need for reformulating Islamic family law to ensure substantive protection of women’s rights while remaining grounded in the normative objectives of Islamic law. Highlights: The practice conflicts with the objective of preserving human dignity within Islamic legal principles. Gender injustice emerges through the treatment of women as legal instruments in marital arrangements. Integrating maqasid analysis with feminist legal theory offers a comprehensive framework for family law reform. Keywords: Muhallil Marriage, Islamic Family Law, Maqasid Al-Shariah, Feminist Jurisprudence, Women’s Rights
Copyright (c) 2026 Aisyatul Maghfiroh, Ishaq Ishaq, Martoyo Martoyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Intellectual Property Rights as Fiduciary Collateral in Indonesian Legal Framework
General Background Intellectual Property Rights have evolved from moral recognition instruments into economically valuable intangible assets within modern legal systems. Specific Background In Indonesia, positive law has formally recognized Intellectual Property Rights as movable intangible objects eligible for fiduciary security through Law No. 42 of 1999 and Government Regulation No. 24 of 2022, particularly within the creative economy sector. Knowledge Gap Despite normative recognition, significant obstacles remain in valuation mechanisms, institutional readiness, and execution procedures, limiting practical utilization of Intellectual Property Rights as fiduciary collateral. Aims This study aims to examine the legal construction of Intellectual Property Rights as fiduciary objects and to analyze the legislative rationale for such classification using Richard A. Posner’s Economic Analysis of Law approach. Results The findings demonstrate that Intellectual Property Rights satisfy property law criteria as fiduciary objects due to their economic value and transferability, yet Indonesia’s fiduciary system exhibits structural inefficiencies, especially in asset appraisal and enforcement certainty. Novelty This research integrates Indonesian fiduciary law with Posner’s efficiency-based legal theory to explain the normative justification of Intellectual Property Rights as bankable collateral. Implications The study highlights the need for regulatory synchronization, institutional reform, and valuation infrastructure to support Intellectual Property–based financing aligned with principles of legal certainty and economic efficiency. Highlights: Indonesian positive law categorizes intangible rights with economic value as fiduciary objects. Valuation and execution uncertainty constrains acceptance of intangible collateral by financial institutions. Efficiency-based legal reasoning supports collateralization of non-physical economic assets. Keywords: Intellectual Property Rights, Fiduciary Security, Economic Analysis of Law, Creative Economy, Legal Certainty
Copyright (c) 2026 Lailatul Farochah, Abdul Rokhim, Ahmad Syaifudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Independent Majelis Disiplin Profesi Ensures Legal Certainty in Health Law
General Background: Indonesia’s health legal system has introduced a dedicated professional discipline mechanism through the Majelis Disiplin Profesi (MDP) under Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health. Specific Background: Articles 304–309 position MDP as the initial forum to examine alleged breaches of medical and health professional discipline prior to criminal investigation, reflecting a quasi-judicial role within health governance. Knowledge Gap: The statutory design raises unresolved concerns regarding guarantees of institutional autonomy and protection from executive intervention, despite the direct significance of MDP recommendations for subsequent criminal and civil processes. Aims: This study articulates the urgency of structural independence for MDP by mapping its juridical position, independence dimensions (institutional, functional, and administrative), and normative risks within the lex specialis framework for medical disputes. Results: The analysis identifies that insufficient independence may generate legal uncertainty, weaken objectivity of recommendations, and risk constraining constitutional access to justice, including tensions with equality before the law, while also creating overlap risks with the general judiciary if recommendations are treated as an absolute procedural prerequisite. Novelty: The article synthesizes MDP’s quasi-judicial character with a three-dimensional independence model to assess the feasibility of lex specialis discipline mechanisms under the 2023 Health Law. Implications: Strengthening MDP’s institutional design and ensuring transparent examination procedures are positioned as priority measures to sustain professional accountability, balanced protection for patients and health workers, and public trust in disciplinary adjudication. Highlights: The disciplinary mechanism is placed as the initial examination stage before investigative procedures begin. Autonomy deficits are linked to risks of non-objective recommendations and constrained access to justice. Treating council recommendations as an absolute procedural gate may create overlap with general adjudication. Keywords:Professional Discipline Council, Health Law 2023, Institutional Independence, Quasi-Judicial Body, Lex Specialis
Copyright (c) 2026 Dzulqarnain Andira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Uncertainty of Sentana Men in Nyentana Divorce Inheritance
General Background Balinese customary law regulates marriage, kinship, and inheritance through a patrilineal system that assigns inheritance rights and customary obligations primarily to men as purusa. Specific Background Nyentana marriage constitutes a customary deviation in which a man enters the wife’s family lineage and relinquishes his original kinship status, creating distinct legal consequences within Balinese customary law. Knowledge Gap Despite its practice, Balinese customary law does not clearly regulate the legal status and inheritance position of sentana men following divorce, resulting in normative ambiguity across customary communities. Aims This study examines the legal standing and inheritance rights of sentana men whose nyentana marriages end in divorce under Balinese customary law. Results The findings show that sentana men are regarded as having exited their original family and do not automatically regain purusa status after divorce, leading to the absence of inherent inheritance rights from either family lineage. In practice, inheritance from the original family may occur only through discretionary family agreement and customary acceptance. Novelty This research highlights persistent legal uncertainty in post-divorce customary status and inheritance positioning of sentana men within nyentana marriage structures. Implications The study underscores the need for clearer customary regulations to prevent legal vulnerability and disputes concerning inheritance and customary obligations in Balinese society. Highlights: Divorce in nyentana marriage does not restore former customary kinship status. Post-divorce inheritance claims lack uniform customary regulation. Family discretion determines possible asset allocation outcomes. Keywords: Nyentana Marriage, Balinese Customary Law, Inheritance Rights
Copyright (c) 2026 Gracea Inggrid Michellani, Tjempaka Tjempaka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Islamic Religious Teachers Shape Moral Formation in Elementary Learners
General Background: Islamic education in Indonesia is positioned as a fundamental aspect of national schooling, emphasizing moral formation aligned with the goals of the 2003 National Education System Law and Islamic values in daily life. Specific Background: SDIT Mukhlisiin Gowa applies an integrated Islamic learning system where Islamic Religious Education and Character teachers are assigned to cultivate students’ behavior through habituation, guidance, and supervision. Knowledge Gap: However, field observations show inconsistencies between the school’s Islamic vision and students’ actual behavior, including limited discipline in worship routines, weak responsibility, and emerging negative attitudes influenced by external environments. Aims: This study investigates the role of Islamic Religious Education and Character teachers in shaping the moral conduct of fifth-grade students and identifies supporting and inhibiting factors. Results: The findings reveal that teachers serve as moral exemplars, mentors, motivators, and supervisors through practices such as daily worship habituation, persuasive guidance, religious reinforcement, communication with parents, and creative pedagogical strategies. Internal support includes teacher role-modeling and an Islamic school environment, while external challenges arise from digital exposure, peer environments, and inconsistent family support. Novelty: This study highlights the integrative function of teacher-led moral cultivation as both instructional and cultural practice in an Islamic elementary context, where spiritual, behavioral, and social guidance operate simultaneously. Implications: The outcomes encourage strengthening religious program policies at school level, enhancing instructional creativity for teachers, reinforcing parental collaboration, and motivating students to participate actively in moral formation, contributing to sustainable Islamic character development in basic education. Highlights: • Teachers function simultaneously as exemplars, mentors, and motivators in daily school practice • School religious culture and parent collaboration support consistent student moral habituation • External environment and digital access remain primary barriers requiring collaborative intervention Keywords Islamic Education; Moral Formation; Teacher Roles; Character Development; Elementary Learners
Copyright (c) 2025 Rosfiah Urbani, Saprin Saprin , Muhammad Rusmin B. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Differentiated Learning Practices In Islamic Religious Education At Junior High School
General Background: Education systems increasingly recognize learner diversity as a central concern in classroom practice. Specific Background: In Islamic Religious Education and Character Education, uniform instructional approaches remain prevalent, limiting accommodation of students’ varied readiness, interests, and learning styles within the Merdeka Curriculum framework. Knowledge Gap: Empirical descriptions of how differentiated learning is planned, enacted, and evaluated in Islamic Religious Education at the junior high school level remain limited. Aims: This study examines the implementation of differentiated learning in Islamic Religious Education and Character Education at SMP Negeri 2 Bulukumba. Results: Using a qualitative case study design, data from observations, semi-structured interviews, and documentation reveal that teachers conduct diagnostic assessments to map students’ readiness, interests, and learning profiles, followed by differentiation of content, process, and product through varied strategies, media, grouping patterns, and assessment forms. Instructional practices demonstrate adaptive classroom management and student-centered learning, although challenges arise from limited instructional time, large class sizes, and varying levels of teacher understanding. Novelty: The study presents a detailed depiction of differentiated learning across planning, implementation, and evaluation stages within Islamic Religious Education aligned with Merdeka Curriculum principles. Implications: These findings underscore the need for sustained professional support, practical training, and institutional facilitation to strengthen differentiated learning practices that support inclusive, flexible, and character-oriented instruction. Highlights • Diagnostic assessment guides differentiated planning based on readiness, interest, and learning profiles • Instructional practices vary content, process, and product within Islamic Religious Education classrooms • Evaluation employs flexible and authentic assessment aligned with student diversity Keywords Differentiated Learning; Islamic Religious Education; Merdeka Curriculum; Learning Styles; Qualitative Case Study
Copyright (c) 2026 Hartina Hartina, Mania Mania, Mardiah Mardiah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Qur’anic Reading Skills Development Through Love-Based BTQ Learning
*]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:aba5aec0-7424-4004-83e7-620fcb602f49-3" data-testid="conversation-turn-2" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> General Background: Qur’anic literacy is a core foundation of Islamic education in pesantren, where reading accuracy and spiritual engagement are inseparable learning objectives. Specific Background: The implementation of Kurikulum Merdeka introduces flexible, student-centered learning principles that must be harmonized with traditional pesantren practices, particularly in Baca Tulis Al-Qur’an (BTQ) instruction. Knowledge Gap: Limited empirical studies have explored how Kurikulum Merdeka can be contextually adapted within pesantren culture through a love-based pedagogical approach to strengthen Qur’anic reading competence. Aims: This study aims to analyze the implementation of love-based BTQ learning within the framework of Kurikulum Merdeka in improving students’ Qur’anic reading skills at Pondok Pesantren Manahilil Ulum DDI Kaballangang, Pinrang. Results: Using a qualitative descriptive approach through observation, interviews, and documentation, the findings show improvements in makhraj accuracy, tajwid application, and reading fluency, supported by humanistic teacher modeling, emotional closeness, differentiated instruction, and structured daily reading habituation. Novelty: This study highlights the integration of Kurikulum Merdeka with a pesantren-based love-centered learning model that combines traditional methods such as sorogan and tahsin with adaptive curricular principles. Implications: The findings provide a contextual framework for pesantren to develop BTQ learning that aligns curricular flexibility with spiritual values, contributing to sustainable Qur’anic literacy development within Islamic boarding schools. Highlights • Improved Qur’anic reading accuracy through structured tahsin and daily habituation • Humanistic teacher modeling strengthened students’ confidence and spiritual engagement • Curriculum flexibility supported differentiated BTQ learning within pesantren culture Keywords Kurikulum Merdeka; Baca Tulis Al-Qur’an; Pesantren Education; Qur’anic Literacy; Love-Based Learning
Copyright (c) 2026 Fajar Shadiq, Hamka Ilyas , Saprin Saprin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence Pattern of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in Beef in Traditional Markets
Background: Antimicrobial resistance represents a growing global health concern, with foodborne bacteria acting as important reservoirs in the transmission pathway. Specific background: Escherichia coli capable of producing Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase has been frequently detected in animal-derived foods, particularly beef sold in traditional markets where sanitation practices are often inadequate. Knowledge gap: Despite numerous studies on livestock and slaughterhouses, evidence describing the prevalence pattern of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing Escherichia coli in beef at the traditional market level remains limited, especially in Surabaya. Aims: This study aimed to describe the prevalence pattern of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing Escherichia coli in beef sold in traditional markets. Results: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on fifty beef samples collected from multiple vendors. Identification using MacConkey agar and confirmation with the Double Disk Synergy Test showed that 29 samples (58%) were positive for Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing Escherichia coli, with variation across vendors. Novelty: This study provides direct phenotypic confirmation of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing Escherichia coli in beef from traditional market settings. Implications: The findings emphasize the need for routine microbiological monitoring and improved hygiene practices in traditional meat distribution to support food safety and public health protection. Highlights Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing Escherichia coli detected in more than half of beef samples Prevalence pattern varied among traditional market vendors Traditional market meat handling presents substantial food safety challenges Keywords Beef, Escherichia Coli, Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase, Traditional Markets, Antimicrobial Resistance
Copyright (c) 2025 Puput Ayu Novitasari, Kuntaman, Akhmad Sudibja, Jesyca Isabel Anggraini, Tri Anisa Istiqomah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Serological Detection of Toxoplasmosis in Relation to marital status, Cats Contact and Abortion in Wasit province, Iraq
General Background: Toxoplasma gondii represents a globally distributed protozoan parasite capable of infecting warm-blooded animals, including humans, with particular concern for pregnant women due to risks of miscarriage and congenital malformations. Specific Background: While toxoplasmosis has been extensively investigated worldwide, limited epidemiological data exist regarding its prevalence and associated risk factors among women in Wasit Province, Iraq. Knowledge Gap: The relationship between T. gondii seropositivity and socio-demographic factors such as marital status, cat contact, and abortion history remains inadequately characterized in this region. Aims: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies (IgG and IgM) among women of reproductive age and examine associations with marital status, cat contact, and abortion history. Results: Among 300 women tested, 51% demonstrated seropositivity for T. gondii antibodies, with significantly higher rates observed in married women (54% vs. 30%, p=0.05) and those with abortion history (69% vs. 42%, p=0.05). Novelty: This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of toxoplasmosis seroprevalence and risk factors specifically among women in Wasit Province. Implications: These findings underscore the necessity for targeted public health interventions, including periodic screening of reproductive-age women, health education on food hygiene and cat interactions, and environmental preventive strategies to reduce T. gondii transmission. Highlight : The study found 51% seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies among women in Wasit Province, Iraq, indicating a significant public health concern. Married women showed higher seropositivity (54%) than unmarried women (30%), linked to household exposure and contaminated food handling. Women with abortion history had elevated seroprevalence (69%), highlighting the need for routine toxoplasmosis screening in prenatal care. Keywords : Toxoplasma gondii, Seroprevalence, Reproductive Health, ELISA Diagnostic, Zoonotic Infection
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab Abdalameer Kadhem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Significant Micronutrient Imbalance Associated with Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia Infections in Children
General Background: Intestinal protozoal infections constitute a substantial public health burden in developing countries, contributing to considerable gastrointestinal morbidity among pediatric populations. Specific Background: Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia infections have been associated with malabsorption and subsequent micronutrient deficiencies in children. Knowledge Gap: Despite documented individual nutrient deficiencies, the concurrent effects of these protozoal infections on vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin C status remain inadequately characterized in Middle Eastern pediatric populations. Aims: This case-control study evaluated serum concentrations of vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin C among male children aged 1-10 years infected with E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and healthy controls in Thi-Qar Governorate, Iraq. Results: Infected children demonstrated significantly reduced micronutrient levels compared to controls (P < 0.001), with G. lamblia infection exhibiting the most pronounced deficiencies. Large effect sizes were observed for vitamin D (η² = 0.41), calcium (η² = 0.36), and vitamin C (η² = 0.52). Novelty: This investigation represents the first comprehensive assessment of multi-micronutrient deficiency patterns associated with these protozoal infections in Iraqi children. Implications: These findings underscore the necessity for integrated parasitological-nutritional interventions in clinical management protocols to optimize therapeutic outcomes and prevent long-term developmental consequences. Highlight : Children infected with Giardia lamblia showed the lowest serum vitamin D and calcium levels, indicating more severe malabsorption than Entamoeba histolytica infection. Intestinal protozoal infections were associated with concurrent deficiencies of vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin C, reflecting a multi-micronutrient depletion pattern rather than isolated deficits. Large effect sizes confirmed a strong association between protozoal diarrhea, reduced body mass index, and disturbed micronutrient homeostasis in affected children. Keywords : Intestinal protozoa, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, micronutrient deficiency, pediatric malnutrition
Copyright (c) 2025 Layla S. Abu-Hadal, Noor M. Al-Humaidy, Dumooa F. Al-Hameedawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Use of Artificial Intelligence Methods in Risk Assessment and Prediction of Preeclampsia
General Background: Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, with early prediction remaining a critical challenge in obstetric care. Specific Background: Conventional diagnostic approaches based on clinical and isolated biochemical markers often identify the disorder at advanced stages and fail to capture its multifactorial pathophysiology. Knowledge Gap: There is limited integration of multidimensional clinical, biochemical, and Doppler data into robust predictive models capable of early and individualized risk assessment. Aims: This study aimed to develop and evaluate a machine learning–based model for early prediction of preeclampsia using comprehensive antenatal data. Results: In a retrospective cohort of 1,200 pregnant women, the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model demonstrated superior performance, achieving an AUC of 0.94, sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 89%, and overall accuracy of 90%, outperforming random forest, support vector machine, and logistic regression models. Key predictors included mean arterial pressure, maternal age, uterine artery pulsatility index, placental growth factor, and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1. Novelty: The study integrates 35 heterogeneous parameters into an AI-driven framework, highlighting the strength of ensemble learning in capturing nonlinear risk patterns. Implications: AI-based predictive tools offer significant potential for early identification of high-risk pregnancies, enabling targeted preventive interventions and advancing precision obstetrics to reduce preeclampsia-related adverse outcomes. Highlight : *]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:6df74ee3-ef5e-476b-9c12-8e8e895592f5-3" data-testid="conversation-turn-4" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> XGBoost showed high accuracy for early preeclampsia risk prediction. Combined clinical, biochemical, and Doppler data enabled early risk identification. Early prediction supports timely preventive obstetric interventions. Keywords : Preeclampsia, Pregnancy, Prediction, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning
Copyright (c) 2025 Nematova Marjona Zikrillaevna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Features of The Disease Management in the Appendical Infiltrate
General Background: Acute appendicitis represents the most prevalent acute abdominal pathology requiring surgical intervention. Specific Background: Appendicular infiltrate, occurring in 1-10% of acute appendicitis cases, poses diagnostic challenges that frequently result in inappropriate treatment selection and unjustified surgical procedures. Knowledge Gap: Despite its clinical significance, standardized diagnostic criteria and management protocols for appendicular infiltrate remain inadequately defined, particularly regarding intraoperative recognition and intervention decisions. Aims: This study analyzed diagnostic approaches and treatment outcomes in patients presenting with appendicular infiltrate to establish evidence-based management protocols. Results: Among 3,567 patients treated for acute appendicitis between 2020-2024, appendicular infiltrate was identified in 38 cases (1.1%). Delayed presentation constituted the primary etiological factor (75%), while atypical appendiceal positioning complicated diagnosis in 7.9% of cases. Conservative management achieved successful resolution in 78.9% of patients, whereas 21.1% required surgical intervention due to abscess formation. Intraoperative identification of infiltrate in six patients necessitated procedure termination with drainage placement; one attempted appendectomy resulted in postoperative complications. Novelty: This investigation establishes that immediate cessation of surgery upon intraoperative infiltrate recognition minimizes complications. Implications: These findings emphasize prioritizing conservative management and avoiding appendectomy when infiltrate is encountered operatively. Highlight : *]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:cabfa523-1244-4440-9d14-5f6d6c2bd51d-6" data-testid="conversation-turn-2" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> Late patient presentation is the primary factor in the development of appendicular infiltrate. Diagnostic difficulties, including atypical appendix location, often lead to tactical errors. Conservative management is effective in most cases, while unjustified appendectomy increases postoperative complications. Keywords : Acute Appendicitis, Appendicular Infiltrate, Delayed Diagnosis, Conservative Treatment, Surgical Tactics
Copyright (c) 2025 Ismailov F.M., Dolim K.S, Askarov T.A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quantitative Characterization of Liver Safety in Surgical Diseases and Postoperative Course
General Background: Accurate assessment of liver functional reserve remains critical in surgical practice, as hepatic dysfunction substantially elevates postoperative morbidity and mortality risks. Specific Background: Conventional biochemical markers (ALT, AST, bilirubin) predominantly reflect cytolysis and cholestasis but fail to evaluate hepatocellular energetic status or regenerative capacity. Knowledge Gap: Current diagnostic approaches lack objective quantitative indicators that directly measure mitochondrial function and viable hepatocyte populations in surgical patients. Aims: This study evaluated a novel prognostic coefficient based on the ratio of cytochrome C to TMPD oxidase mitochondrial activities for quantifying liver parenchymal preservation in patients with hepatobiliary surgical diseases. Results: Analysis of 24 patients demonstrated strong inverse correlation between coefficient values and viable hepatocyte percentages. Coefficients of 2.5-3.5 units indicated favorable prognosis, 5-7 units signaled elevated complication risk, while values ≥8 units predicted unfavorable outcomes, irrespective of standard biochemical parameters. Novelty: Unlike traditional markers, this coefficient directly reflects mitochondrial respiratory chain integrity and hepatocellular viability through objective biochemical measurements. Implications: The proposed coefficient serves as an integrated quantitative marker of hepatic functional reserve, enabling improved surgical risk stratification and outcome prediction in hepatobiliary surgery. Highlight : The cytochrome C to TMPD oxidase ratio correlates better with hepatocyte viability than standard biochemical markers in both experimental and clinical contexts. Coefficient values predict postoperative outcomes: 2.5-3.5 units indicate favorable prognosis, 5-7 units suggest complications, and ≥8 units correlate with mortality. Mitochondrial dysfunction demonstrates universal quantifiable patterns across different etiologies, showing consistent relationships between the coefficient and hepatocyte viability. Keywords :Liver Functional Reserve, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Cytochrome C Oxidase, Hepatocyte Viability, Postoperative Prognosis
Copyright (c) 2025 Akhmedov M. Dj, Askarov T.A, Fayziev Y.N., Ashurmetov A., Ismailov F. M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Applications of nuclear physics in medical diagnostics: A comparative study between SPECT and PET
Nuclear physics has fundamentally transformed medical diagnostics through Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), which provide functional and physiological information beyond conventional imaging modalities. This study conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of SPECT and PET by examining their nuclear physics principles, technical instrumentation, image quality parameters, and clinical applications. Employing systematic literature review methodology, the research synthesizes peer-reviewed articles from major scientific databases published between 2015 and 2025. The analysis reveals that PET demonstrates superior spatial resolution (4-7 mm versus 8-12 mm), enhanced sensitivity (1-2% compared to 0.01-0.03%), and greater quantitative accuracy due to coincidence detection and higher photon energy (511 keV). Conversely, SPECT maintains advantages in cost-effectiveness, radiotracer accessibility through on-site synthesis, and longer half-lives suitable for extended protocols. This research integrates physical, instrumental, and patient-dependent factors influencing image quality while exploring emerging developments including hybrid imaging and artificial intelligence applications. The findings establish evidence-based criteria for modality selection, emphasizing the complementary nature of these techniques in advancing precision diagnostics across oncology, cardiology, and neurology. Keywords : Nuclear Medicine Imaging, SPECT Modality, PET Technology, Radiotracer Applications, Gamma Photon Detection, Medical Diagnostics Highlight : PET demonstrates superior spatial resolution (4-7 mm) and sensitivity (1-2%) compared to SPECT's performance metrics. Hybrid imaging systems combining PET-CT achieve widespread clinical acceptance, particularly enhancing oncology diagnostic capabilities. Collimator geometry primarily limits SPECT resolution (8-12 mm), while coincidence detection enables PET's improved quantitative accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amani Shyaa Jebur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Importance of Endolymphatic Administration of Drugs In The Treatment of Persistent Postoperative Peritoniti
Persistent postoperative peritonitis remains a major challenge in abdominal surgery due to high rates of septic complications, antimicrobial resistance, and insufficient drug concentrations at the site of inflammation, making optimization of regional drug delivery clinically relevant. This study aims to evaluate the clinical and immunological effectiveness of endolymphatic drug administration in the comprehensive treatment of appendicular peritonitis. A retrospective and comparative clinical study was conducted on 66 patients with appendicular peritonitis treated in surgical departments of Tashkent city clinics, divided into a main group receiving endolymphatic therapy and a control group managed with conventional treatment. Clinical severity scores, biochemical parameters, intoxication indices, and immunological markers were analyzed using non-parametric statistical methods. The results demonstrate that endolymphatic drug administration achieved higher local therapeutic concentrations, significantly improved lymphocyte subpopulations, enhanced humoral immunity indicators, reduced endogenous intoxication, and accelerated recovery compared with standard therapy. Unlike prior studies that focused primarily on systemic antibiotic regimens, this research provides empirical evidence on the immunomodulatory and detoxifying advantages of targeted endolymphatic therapy in postoperative peritonitis. These findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of lymphatic system involvement in inflammatory control and support practical and policy-oriented implications for integrating endolymphatic drug administration into surgical infection management protocols to reduce complications and improve patient outcomes. Keywords : Endolymphatic antibiotic therapy, appendicular peritonitis, immunomodulation, lymphatic drug delivery, surgical sepsis prevention, postoperative complications Highlight : Endolymphatic therapy increases total T-lymphocytes 1.41-fold and improves immunoglobulin levels significantly. Neutrophil phagocytic activity rises 1.68-fold in treated patients versus minimal improvement in controls. The intervention normalizes microcirculation and enhances lymph transport into bloodstream effectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ashurmetov A.M., Usarov A.M., Fayziyev Y.N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Endolymphatic Drug Delivery Improves Outcomes in Persistent Postoperative Peritonitis
Postoperative peritonitis remains a critical challenge in contemporary surgery, with persistent complications despite conventional antibiotic therapy leading to increased mortality and prolonged recovery periods. This study investigates the therapeutic efficacy of direct endolymphatic drug therapy (TTBET) in managing persistent postoperative peritonitis following acute appendicitis. The research examined 66 patients with appendicular peritonitis treated in Tashkent surgical clinics, divided into a main group receiving endolymphatic therapy via catheterized peripheral lymphatic vessels (n=36) and a control group receiving conventional treatment (n=30). Immunological parameters including T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM), and neutrophil phagocytic activity were measured at baseline and day 14 post-treatment using standardized biochemical and immunological assays. Results demonstrated statistically significant improvements in the endolymphatic therapy group, with T-lymphocyte counts increasing 1.41-fold compared to controls (p=0.0022), IgG levels rising 1.7-fold versus 1.49-fold in controls, and neutrophil phagocytic activity improving 1.68-fold versus negligible change in the control group. This study provides novel evidence that endolymphatic administration achieves superior drug concentration at inflammatory sites while simultaneously modulating immune responses through direct lymphatic system engagement. The findings suggest endolymphatic therapy represents a pathogenetically sound approach for managing persistent peritonitis, offering reduced antibiotic doses, enhanced immunological recovery, and improved clinical outcomes, warranting broader clinical implementation in surgical infection management protocols. Keywords : Endolymphatic Drug Administration, Postoperative Peritonitis Management, Lymphatic System Therapeutics, Immunomodulation Surgical Infections, Regional Antibiotic Delivery, Purulent-Septic Complications Highlight : Endolymphatic therapy significantly increases T-lymphocytes, immunoglobulins IgG/IgM, and neutrophil phagocytic activity Main group shows 1.41-fold T-lymphocyte increase versus minimal improvement in control group Treatment normalizes microcirculation and reduces postoperative complications in appendicular peritonitis patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Usarov A.M., Ashurmetov A.M., Fayziyev Y.N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploiting Klebsiella pneumoniae Arginine Deiminase: Purification, Characterization, and Selective Anticancer Activity
General Background: Arginine deiminase (ADI) represents a promising therapeutic enzyme for treating arginine-auxotrophic cancers by catalyzing L-arginine conversion to citrulline and ammonia, exploiting the metabolic vulnerability of cancer cells deficient in arginosuccinate synthetase (ASS). Specific Background: Colorectal cancer, ranking second in mortality and third in global incidence, demonstrates heterogeneous arginine metabolism with certain tumor subtypes exhibiting impaired ASS expression, rendering them susceptible to arginine deprivation therapy. Knowledge Gap: Despite ADI's therapeutic potential, comprehensive characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae-derived ADI and its selective cytotoxicity against colorectal cancer remains insufficiently explored. Aims: This study isolated, purified, and characterized ADI from clinically isolated K. pneumoniae strains and evaluated its selective anticancer activity against HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells versus NCM460 normal colon cells. Results: Isolate No. 5 demonstrated optimal ADI production (12 U/mg), achieving 11-fold purification through three-step chromatographic procedures yielding 32.9 U/mg specific activity with 40.9% recovery; optimal enzymatic performance occurred at pH 7 and 37°C, with Mn²⁺ and Fe³⁺ enhancing activity (120% and 105% respectively) while EDTA inhibited it (73%), confirming metalloenzyme properties; cytotoxicity assays revealed selective anticancer activity with IC₅₀ values of 390 µg/mL against HCT-116 cells and >800 µg/mL against NCM460 cells, demonstrating 2.3-fold selectivity. Novelty: This investigation provides the first comprehensive biochemical characterization of K. pneumoniae-derived ADI with demonstrated selective cytotoxicity parameters specifically targeting colorectal cancer. Implications: These findings establish K. pneumoniae ADI as a promising selective therapeutic candidate for colorectal cancer treatment, warranting further development including PEGylation strategies and combination therapy investigations. Keywords : Arginine Deiminase, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Enzyme Purification, Colorectal Cancer, Cytotoxicity Highlight : Enzyme achieved 11-fold purification yielding 32.9 U/mg through three-step protocol. Optimal activity occurred at pH 7 and 37°C with metalloenzyme characteristics. HCT-116 cancer cells showed 2.3-fold greater sensitivity than normal colon cells.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jawad N. K. Makassees https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference Associations with Blood Pressure
General Background: Body mass index and waist circumference are widely used anthropometric indicators to describe nutritional status and body fat distribution related to cardiovascular risk, including blood pressure changes in young adults. Specific Background: Medical students, particularly those in early academic years, are generally perceived as healthy but may experience overweight or obesity during their study period, which warrants early observation of blood pressure patterns. Knowledge Gap: Empirical evidence focusing on the relationship between body mass index, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure among early-year medical students remains limited and inconsistent. Aims: This study aimed to examine the relationship between body mass index and waist circumference with systolic and diastolic blood pressure among medical students of Wijaya Kusuma University Surabaya, class of 2024. Results: Based on an observational cross-sectional design involving 95 students, Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated no significant relationship between body mass index or waist circumference and systolic or diastolic blood pressure (p > 0.05). However, chi-square analysis identified a significant association between body mass index and systolic blood pressure, as well as between waist circumference and systolic blood pressure. Novelty: This study provides specific evidence from an early-year medical student population showing that anthropometric indicators are not consistently associated with blood pressure despite a substantial proportion of overweight and obesity. Implications: The findings emphasize the importance of early anthropometric screening and preventive strategies in medical students to address potential cardiovascular risk factors before clinical manifestations emerge. Highlights • Anthropometric indicators showed no consistent correlation with systolic and diastolic blood pressure • Overweight and obesity were prevalent among early-year medical students • Significant associations appeared only in categorical systolic blood pressure analysis Keywords Body Mass Index; Waist Circumference; Blood Pressure; Medical Students; Anthropometric Indicators
Copyright (c) 2026 Bea Uljannatun Putri Fisis Paramanandi, Sri Lestari Utami, Jimmy Hadi Widjaja, Febtarini Rahmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pediatric NAFLD Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Research Gaps in Uzbekistan and India
General Background: Pediatric Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) represents a critical chronic liver condition in children globally, characterized by hepatic fat accumulation without alcohol exposure, potentially progressing to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Specific Background: Rapid socioeconomic transitions in Asia have escalated childhood obesity rates, with India reporting prevalence estimates of 12–63% among overweight children, while Uzbekistan demonstrates 50–66% prevalence in similar cohorts, though comprehensive epidemiological data remain limited. Knowledge Gap: No comparative analysis exists examining pediatric NAFLD patterns between Uzbekistan and India, particularly regarding temporal trends and population-based prevalence. Aims: This study compares burden, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of pediatric NAFLD across both nations through systematic literature review. Results: Both countries exhibit increasing prevalence driven by obesity and insulin resistance, with male preponderance and age-dependent patterns; however, Uzbekistan lacks population-based studies unlike India's more established epidemiological framework. Novelty: This represents the first cross-country comparison of pediatric NAFLD between Central and South Asian contexts. Implications: Findings underscore urgent need for standardized screening protocols, culturally adapted lifestyle interventions, and population-based research in Uzbekistan to inform national health policies. Keywords : Pediatric NAFLD, Childhood Obesity, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Metabolic Syndrome, Insulin Resistance Highlight : Prevalence reaches 42-47% among overweight Indian children, with boys consistently more affected. Uzbekistan shows 50-100% rates in obese cohorts but lacks comprehensive population-based studies. Both nations face growing burden from dietary transitions, urbanization, and sedentary lifestyles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dinmukhammadieva Dilorom Rakhimjan kizi, Saurav Sunil Pawshe, Shadiyeva Soadat Ulmasovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hormonal Contraception Temporarily Suppresses Ovarian Reserve Markers with Partial Recovery
General Background: Hormonal contraception is widely used, yet its implications for ovarian reserve markers remain debated. Specific Background: Cross-sectional studies report lower anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and antral follicle count (AFC) among users, but lack baseline data to determine temporal dynamics and reversibility. Knowledge Gap: Prospective evidence with serial baseline and follow-up measures comparing contraceptive methods is limited. Aims: This study prospectively evaluated longitudinal changes in AMH, AFC, and follicle-stimulating hormone among women initiating combined oral contraceptives or levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices versus non-users. Results: Mixed-effects models demonstrated significant time-by-group interactions, with early declines in AMH and AFC at three months, followed by partial recovery during continued use, while controls remained stable. Novelty: By integrating baseline and repeated measures, this study delineates functional, time-dependent suppression rather than structural ovarian damage. Implications: Findings support counseling that hormonal contraception induces temporary, reversible alterations in ovarian reserve markers and should not be interpreted as permanent fertility impairment. Keywords : Hormonal Contraception, Anti-Müllerian Hormone, Ovarian Reserve Markers, Longitudinal Cohort Study, Oral Contraceptives Highlight : AMH levels decreased 25-29% at 3 months, then partially recovered by 12 months Changes reflect temporary ovarian suppression, not permanent structural damage to ovaries Both OCP and LNG-IUD users showed similar suppression and recovery patterns
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Salman Dalis, Bashaer Ibrahim Hamdi, Raad Fadhil Abdullah Yosef https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
General Background: Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a major foodborne pathogen associated with severe human disease and increasing antimicrobial resistance. Specific Background: Bacterial toxins have gained attention as alternative antimicrobial agents, yet their activity depends strongly on effective purification and characterization. Knowledge Gap: Limited evidence is available regarding the antimicrobial spectrum of purified Shiga toxin against diverse bacterial and fungal pathogens isolated from food sources. Aims: This study aimed to isolate E. coli O157:H7 from dairy and meat products in Baghdad and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of purified Shiga toxin. Results: Thirty E. coli O157:H7 isolates were obtained from 300 samples. Shiga toxin was successfully purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and ion-exchange chromatography, and showed inhibitory activity against several pathogenic bacteria and Candida albicans, with the lowest MIC observed for the fungus. Novelty: The study demonstrates selective antimicrobial efficacy of purified Shiga toxin against both bacterial and fungal pathogens. Implications: These findings highlight the potential of bacterial toxins as candidate agents for controlling foodborne and multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Keywords : Shiga Toxin, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Antimicrobial Activity, Ion-Exchange Chromatography, Foodborne Pathogens Highlight : Purified toxin showed strongest growth inhibition against Candida albicans at the lowest tested concentration. Meat-derived samples exhibited higher contamination rates compared with dairy products. Selective susceptibility was observed, with Klebsiella pneumoniae demonstrating marked sensitivity.
Alterations in the Adaptation of Pancreatic Enzymes to Food Quality under the Influence of Hexachlorocyclohexane and Tetramethylthiuram Disulfide
General Background: The pancreas demonstrates adaptive capacity to modify enzymatic secretion in response to dietary composition, a mechanism essential for efficient nutrient hydrolysis and metabolic homeostasis. Specific Background: Organochlorine pesticides, particularly hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD), have been associated with digestive system disorders, yet their effects on pancreatic enzymatic adaptation and intestinal enzyme-forming function remain inadequately characterized. Knowledge Gap: The extent to which chronic pesticide exposure disrupts the pancreas's ability to adapt enzyme secretion to qualitative changes in food composition, and how these compounds affect small intestinal hydrolytic capacity, has not been systematically investigated. Aims: This study examined the effects of chronic HCH (1/20 LD₅₀ for 30 days) and TMTD (1/20 LD₅₀ for 60 days) exposure on pancreatic enzymatic adaptation to protein-rich and fat-rich dietary stimuli in rats, alongside assessment of small intestinal enzyme-forming function. Results: Control animals exhibited adaptive increases in protease activity following protein intake and lipase activity following fat intake within intestinal chyme; HCH exposure delayed these adaptive responses, whereas TMTD completely abolished pancreatic enzymatic adaptation to food quality, with both pesticides significantly suppressing intestinal enzyme activities. Novelty: This investigation provides the first systematic evidence that organochlorine pesticides disrupt both pancreatic adaptive mechanisms and intestinal hydrolytic enzyme function in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Implications: These findings indicate that pesticide exposure compromises digestive efficiency through dual mechanisms affecting pancreatic regulation and intestinal enzymatic capacity, potentially contributing to metabolic dysfunction in exposed populations. Keyowrds : Pancreatic Enzyme Adaptation, Hexachlorocyclohexane Toxicity, Tetramethylthiuram Disulfide, Intestinal Enzyme Function, Organochlorine Pesticide Effects Highlight : Chronic HCH exposure delays pancreatic adaptive response to dietary protein and fat stimuli. TMTD completely abolishes enzymatic adaptation mechanisms in exocrine pancreatic secretion regulation. Organochlorine pesticides suppress intestinal enzyme activity while paradoxically increasing mucosal amylase levels.
Copyright (c) 2026 Babadjanova F.A., Askaryants V.P, Yunusov A.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Changes in the Activity of Small Intestinal Enzymes under the Influence of Organophosphorus Pesticides
General Background: Organophosphorus pesticides are widely used agricultural chemicals with known biological effects, yet their impact on digestive physiology remains incompletely understood. Specific Background: Previous research has demonstrated that chlorophos, an organophosphorus compound, suppresses intestinal enzyme activity in experimental animals, with lipase showing particular sensitivity, though comprehensive characterization of organophosphorus effects on small intestinal enzyme systems is lacking. Knowledge Gap: The detailed dose-dependent and time-dependent effects of butiphos, a commonly used organophosphorus pesticide, on the complete spectrum of intestinal digestive enzymes and the reversibility of these effects have not been systematically investigated. Aims: This study investigated the effects of acute and chronic butiphos exposure at varying doses on key small intestinal enzymes including monoglyceride lipase, glycyl-valine dipeptidase, invertase, alkaline phosphatase, and amylase in laboratory rats. Results: Monoglyceride lipase activity was consistently and profoundly suppressed (up to 9-fold reduction) across all exposure regimens, while other enzymes exhibited dose- and time-dependent wave-like fluctuations with transient increases or decreases followed by partial recovery; cessation of pesticide administration resulted in normalization of enzymatic activity and mucosal mass. Novelty: This research provides the first comprehensive characterization of butiphos-induced alterations in intestinal enzyme-forming function, revealing selective esterase inhibition and reversible enterocyte dysfunction. Implications: These findings highlight potential impairment of digestive efficiency during chronic organophosphorus pesticide exposure and underscore the high sensitivity of enterocyte enzymatic systems to these agricultural compounds. Keywords : Organophosphorus Pesticides, Intestinal Enzymes, Monoglyceride Lipase, Butiphos, Digestive Function Highlight : Monoglyceride lipase activity consistently suppressed regardless of butiphos dose or duration. Protein and carbohydrate enzymes showed wave-like fluctuations with partial recovery periods. Enzymatic activity and mucosal mass normalized after pesticide administration cessation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Askaryants V.P, Yunusov A.A, Babadjanova F.A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Maternal Knowledge and Family Support in Measles Immunization
General Background: Measles remains a significant public health problem despite the availability of safe and effective vaccination programs, particularly among children under five years of age. Specific Background: The success of measles immunization at community-based health services such as Posyandu is associated with maternal knowledge and family support as key determinants of child health decisions. Knowledge Gap: However, empirical evidence at the rural primary healthcare level, especially in Gayam Village Posyandu, remains limited regarding how these factors relate to measles immunization provision. Aims: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between maternal knowledge and family support with measles immunization among children aged 9–18 months in Gayam Village Posyandu. Results: Using a quantitative cross-sectional design with 33 randomly selected mothers, data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using the Chi-square test. Most respondents demonstrated high maternal knowledge (97%), whereas 69.7% reported poor family support. Statistical analysis showed no significant association between maternal knowledge and measles immunization (p = 0.179) nor between family support and measles immunization (p = 0.364). Novelty: This study provides localized empirical evidence from a rural Posyandu setting, highlighting the contextual dynamics of maternal and family-related factors in measles vaccination decisions. Implications: These findings indicate that high knowledge levels alone are insufficient to ensure immunization uptake and underscore the need for family-centered and community-based strategies to strengthen measles immunization coverage at the primary healthcare level. Highlights: The majority of respondents demonstrated high cognitive understanding of measles vaccination. Most participants reported inadequate household encouragement in child health decisions. Statistical testing identified no significant relationship between the examined variables and vaccine administration. Keywords: Maternal Knowledge, Family Support, Measles Immunization, Toddler, Posyandu.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tri Anisa Istiqomah, Kartika Ishartadiati, Akhmad Sudibja, Jesyca Isabel Anggraini, Puput Ayu Novitasari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections Among Pregnant Women in Al-Diwaniyah City
General Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most prevalent infectious complication during pregnancy, ranging from asymptomatic bacteriuria to severe pyelonephritis. Specific Background: These infections cause significant maternal and fetal morbidity, yet bacterial etiology and severity patterns across gestational periods remain incompletely characterized regionally. Knowledge Gap: Limited data exist regarding trimester-specific bacterial profiles and inflammatory marker correlations with UTI severity in Al-Diwaniyah province. Aims: This cross-sectional study identified bacterial pathogens causing UTIs in 140 pregnant women and examined associations between inflammatory markers and infection severity across trimesters. Results: Escherichia coli (55%) and Klebsiella (18%) predominated, with severity increasing from mild first-trimester to severe third-trimester infections. Inflammatory markers (WBC, CRP, procalcitonin, proteinuria) correlated significantly with disease severity. Novelty: This study establishes trimester-specific bacterial distributions and severity-biomarker relationships in this population. Implications: Findings support targeted screening protocols and trimester-appropriate antimicrobial strategies for improved maternal-fetal outcomes. Keywords : Urinary Tract Infections, Pregnant Women, Escherichia coli, Bacterial Pathogens, Pregnancy Complications Highlight : E. coli caused 55% of infections, primarily in severe third-trimester cases. Infection severity increased significantly with gestational age across all three trimesters. Inflammatory markers were highest in very severe cases, especially white blood cells.
Gamification Approaches in Undergraduate Histology Learning
General Background: Histology is a fundamental component of preclinical medical education that requires mastery of microscopic interpretation and integration of structure–function relationships. Specific Background: First-year medical students frequently perceive histology as challenging due to high cognitive load, abstract visual content, reliance on memorization, and limited motivation associated with conventional lecture-based teaching. Knowledge Gap: Although gamification has been increasingly applied in medical education, there remains limited synthesis focusing specifically on its application, outcomes, and limitations within undergraduate histology learning, particularly regarding standardized evaluation and long-term sustainability. Aims: This narrative literature review aims to examine the relevance of gamification in basic histology education, identify commonly used gamification tools, and summarize reported educational outcomes across undergraduate medical curricula. Results: The reviewed literature indicates that gamification strategies, including points, badges, leaderboards, interactive quizzes, and digital challenges, are associated with improved learner engagement, motivation, knowledge retention, self-confidence, and active classroom participation across cognitive, affective, and behavioral domains. Novelty: This review consolidates evidence on gamification specifically within histology education while simultaneously highlighting methodological limitations, novelty effects, competitive risks, and design heterogeneity reported in existing studies. Implications: Carefully designed, theory-driven, and context-adapted gamification frameworks, integrated with digital microscopy and evaluated through longitudinal research, may support more interactive and meaningful histology learning experiences for early-stage medical students. Highlights: Interactive game-based strategies are consistently associated with higher learner participation and motivation in microscopic science learning. Reported outcomes span cognitive, affective, and behavioral domains, including retention, satisfaction, and active learning behaviors. Design variability and limited long-term evaluation remain key challenges in current implementations. Keywords : Gamification, Histology Education, Medical Students, Engagement, Preclinical Learning
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Aini Hasan, Rifda Savirani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating a Local Economic Empowerment Grant: Growth in Cooperative Capital, Membership, and Net Surplus
General Background: Cooperatives play a strategic role in community-based economic development in Indonesia but often face constraints related to capital, human resources, and institutional sustainability. Specific Background: To address these challenges, the Kediri City Government implemented the PRODAMAS Plus Community Empowerment Program, providing grants to strengthen RW-level cooperatives, including the Kemiri Makmur Cooperative. Knowledge Gap: Despite the widespread implementation of grant-based empowerment programs, empirical evidence on their effectiveness in ensuring long-term cooperative sustainability at the grassroots level remains limited. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the PRODAMAS Plus economic grant in supporting the sustainability of the Kemiri Makmur Cooperative using Steers’ effectiveness framework. Results: The findings demonstrate that the grant significantly increased cooperative capital, assets, membership, and net surplus (SHU), enhanced service delivery, and enabled short-term business innovation, although sustainability was constrained by limited human resources, space, and leadership regeneration. Novelty: This study provides micro-level evidence of how localized fiscal empowerment influences cooperative performance across multiple effectiveness dimensions. Implications: The results suggest that grant programs should be complemented with continuous mentoring, capacity building, and institutional strengthening to ensure sustained community economic development. Highlights: Grant Impact: Substantial government grants significantly strengthened cooperative capital, assets, and net surplus. Institutional Capacity: Human resource limitations and leadership regeneration remain key challenges to sustainability. Policy Insight: Financial assistance must be integrated with continuous mentoring and capacity building to ensure long-term effectiveness. Keywords: PRODAMAS Plus, Cooperative Sustainability, Community Empowerment, Local Economic Development, Program Effectiveness
Copyright (c) 2025 Aurora Andi Tribuana, Bayu Priambodo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mangngade Tradition Sustaining Social Cohesion and Collective Identity
General Background Local traditions represent accumulated cultural values that function as social frameworks within community life. Specific Background The Mangngade tradition in Mattampawalie Village, Bone Regency, persists as a hereditary cultural practice involving collective rituals, symbolic offerings, and communal participation rooted in local wisdom and acculturated religious values. Knowledge Gap Despite its continued practice, limited scholarly attention has explicitly positioned Mangngade as an active social mechanism that maintains social cohesion and collective identity amid modernization pressures. Aims This study aims to analyze the construction of the Mangngade tradition and examine its role in sustaining social cohesion and collective identity within the Mattampawalie Village community. Results Findings indicate that Mangngade functions beyond a spiritual ritual by internalizing core social values such as sipakatau, sipakalebbi, mutual cooperation, togetherness, and social responsibility through intensive intergenerational interaction and collective participation. These practices foster solidarity, trust, and harmonious social relations while reinforcing communal bonds. Novelty This research highlights Mangngade as a form of local wisdom that remains socially functional through adaptive practices, demonstrating its role as living social capital rather than a static ceremonial tradition. Implications The findings suggest that sustained synergy among customary leaders, village governance, and community members—particularly youth—supports the continuity of Mangngade as a cultural instrument that maintains social cohesion and collective identity in the context of ongoing social change. Highlights: Communal rituals internalize shared values that maintain solidarity and togetherness. Collective participation creates sustained intergenerational social interaction. Adaptive cultural practices preserve communal bonds amid social change. Keywords : Mangngade Tradition, Social Cohesion, Collective Identity, Local Wisdom, Community Participation
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Aulia, Muhammad Syukur, A. Octamaya Tenri Awaru, Najamuddin Najamuddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Organic Interrelation Between Legal Requirements and Citizens’ Moral Responsibility in the Electoral Process
This study investigates the interdependent relationship between legal regulation and citizens' moral responsibility in electoral processes, addressing the critical challenge that formal electoral laws alone cannot guarantee democratic legitimacy without corresponding ethical engagement from the electorate. The research aims to theoretically and practically substantiate how legal requirements and moral consciousness function as mutually reinforcing mechanisms in ensuring free, fair, and transparent elections. Employing a comprehensive methodological framework, the study integrates comparative analysis of legal systems, structural-functional approaches to electoral institutions, content analysis of legislative documents and academic literature, and sociological observation of civic behavior patterns during electoral processes. The analysis reveals that while legal norms provide essential procedural frameworks—including voting freedom, equality principles, and transparency mechanisms—their effectiveness critically depends on citizens' internalization of ethical values such as integrity, civic duty, responsibility, fairness, and political awareness. The principal finding demonstrates that electoral violations including corruption, vote-selling, and manipulation primarily stem from insufficient moral responsibility rather than legislative deficiencies, even in contexts with advanced electoral codes and technological safeguards. The novelty of this research lies in its systematic integration of legal and socio-ethical dimensions within electoral analysis, challenging purely normative approaches by establishing electoral culture as a key socio-legal factor bridging formal regulation and civic ethics. The study's implications extend to democratic governance theory and electoral reform policy, recommending continuous electoral education systems, enhanced digital civic outreach, strengthened public oversight mechanisms, and youth engagement strategies to cultivate the moral consciousness necessary for sustainable democratic institutions Keywords : Electoral Legitimacy, Civic Morality, Legal-Ethical Complementarity, Democratic Governance, Political Culture Highlight : Legal norms require moral responsibility to prevent electoral violations like corruption and manipulation. Citizens' ethical awareness directly determines transparency, fairness, and legitimacy of democratic elections. Electoral culture integrating legal consciousness and civic duty strengthens public trust in institutions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dadajonova Feruza Abduaziz Qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Perceived Quality Of Building Permit Services And Local User Charges In Malinau
General Background: Local governments rely on building permit services as part of public administration and local own-source revenue management. Specific Background: In Malinau Regency, the One-Stop Investment and Integrated Services Office administers Building Permit (IMB) services that remain administratively relevant during the transition toward new licensing arrangements. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies largely assess service quality or revenue performance separately, with limited descriptive integration of user perceptions and IMB user charge trends in frontier regions. Aims: This study aims to describe public perceptions of IMB service quality and examine its descriptive linkage with IMB user charge performance as a component of local revenue. Results: Using a SERVQUAL-based survey of 41 IMB service users and administrative data from 2017–2023, findings indicate that perceived IMB service quality is categorized as good, with an overall index score of 78.96%, while several indicators related to timeliness, information clarity, and procedural consistency remain less optimal. Administrative records show fluctuating IMB user charge realization across years. Novelty: This study offers a contextual descriptive profile combining service quality perceptions and revenue trends in a frontier local government during the final implementation phase of IMB. Implications: The findings provide an empirical basis for service improvement strategies in permit administration and support more accountable local revenue governance without asserting causal relationships. Highlights • IMB service quality in Malinau is perceived as good across SERVQUAL dimensions • Service indicators related to timeliness and information remain less optimal • IMB user charge realization shows notable annual fluctuations Keywords Service Quality; SERVQUAL; Building Permit; Local User Charges; Local Revenue
Copyright (c) 2026 Aswin Anasis Palete, Riswanda Riswanda, Agus Susanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bawaslu Electoral Oversight in Peripheral Malinau Local Election 2024
General Background: Regional elections as a manifestation of popular sovereignty require credible oversight mechanisms to safeguard democratic procedures at the local level. Specific Background: In Indonesia, the Elections Supervisory Agency plays a strategic role in supervising electoral stages, particularly in regions with geographical constraints and distinct socio-political characteristics such as border and peripheral areas. Knowledge Gap: Existing studies predominantly emphasize national or urban electoral contexts, leaving limited scholarly attention to supervisory practices in peripheral regions with restricted infrastructure and strong patron–client relations. Aims: This study examines how electoral oversight was conducted by the Malinau Regency Elections Supervisory Agency during the 2024 local election and identifies contextual factors shaping supervisory practices in a peripheral setting. Results: The findings indicate that oversight activities were carried out across all electoral stages through participatory supervision, early identification of administrative violations, media monitoring, and the use of simple information technologies. However, supervisory practices were constrained by limited human resources and budget, uneven geographical access, weak inter-institutional coordination, low public legal awareness, and challenges related to civil servant neutrality. Novelty: This study integrates geographical border conditions, local socio-political relations, and institutional capacity limitations into the analysis of electoral oversight, extending prevailing theoretical discussions that are largely urban-oriented. Implications: The results suggest that electoral oversight in peripheral regions requires adaptive and context-sensitive strategies that align regulatory frameworks with local institutional capacity and community participation to support procedural compliance and democratic integrity. Highlights • Electoral oversight in Malinau was conducted across all Pilkada stages through participatory and media-based monitoring • Geographic constraints and limited institutional resources shaped supervisory practices in border areas • Local socio-political relations influenced community participation in reporting electoral violations Keywords Electoral Oversight; Bawaslu Supervision; Local Democracy; Peripheral Regions; Malinau Regency
Copyright (c) 2026 Christian Roten Gidion, Yulianto Yulianto, Sofjan Aripin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Socio-Political Conflict Dynamics After the 2024 Polewali Mandar Election
General Background Regional head elections represent a core mechanism of local democracy in Indonesia, intended to facilitate political participation and power circulation at the subnational level. Specific Background In practice, post-election phases frequently generate socio-political tensions, particularly in communities with strong kinship structures and identity-based affiliations, as observed in Polewali Mandar following the 2024 regent election. Knowledge Gap Existing studies often approach post-election conflict through legalistic or security-centered perspectives, leaving limited understanding of conflict as a prolonged social process embedded in everyday relations and digital interactions. Aims This study aims to analyze the dynamics of post-election socio-political conflict in Polewali Mandar, identify structural, cultural, and communicative factors driving the conflict, and examine its social consequences. Results Using a qualitative descriptive approach through interviews, observation, and documentation, the findings reveal polarized supporter groups, non-physical and symbolic conflicts, the circulation of hoaxes and hate speech in digital spaces, weakened family and community interactions, and declining trust in democratic institutions. Contributing factors include identity politicization, money politics, questioned neutrality of village officials and civil servants, elite rivalries, and low political literacy. Novelty This study conceptualizes post-Pilkada conflict not merely as an electoral event but as a socially embedded process shaped by kinship, local identity, patronage networks, and digital communication. Implications The findings underscore the need for participatory and local-wisdom-based conflict resolution strategies to support democratic consolidation and restore social cohesion at the local level. Highlights: Post-election tensions manifested predominantly through symbolic, non-violent, and latent social frictions. Identity-based alignments and elite rivalries intensified polarization within families and local communities. Digital communication spaces played a central role in sustaining distrust and prolonged social tension. Keywords: Socio-Political Conflict, Pilkada, Local Democracy, Polewali Mandar, Conflict Resolution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Ilham, Jumadi Jumadi, Hasruddin Nur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determinants of Manufacturing Firm Performance with Firm Size Moderation
General Background Company performance represents a central indicator of business sustainability and financial success in dynamic economic environments, particularly within manufacturing industries that play a strategic role in capital markets. Specific Background Prior studies emphasize corporate governance, ownership structure, leverage, tangible assets, and market valuation as key determinants of firm performance, while firm size is frequently associated with variations in these relationships. Knowledge Gap Despite extensive research, empirical evidence remains limited regarding Indonesian manufacturing firms, especially studies that jointly examine governance characteristics, financial structure, tangible assets, and market-to-book value with firm size as a moderating variable. Aims This study aims to comprehensively examine the relationships between board size, ownership structure, leverage, tangible assets, and market-to-book value on firm performance, measured by return on assets and return on equity, while assessing the moderating role of firm size. Results Using panel data from manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, the findings indicate that leverage, ownership structure, and market-to-book value are significantly associated with firm performance, whereas tangible assets show no significant relationship. Firm size moderates selected relationships, with differing outcomes across performance measures and model specifications. Novelty This study integrates multiple internal firm characteristics within a single analytical framework while explicitly positioning firm size as a moderating factor in the Indonesian manufacturing context. Implications The findings provide empirical insights for corporate managers, investors, and regulators in designing governance structures and financial strategies aligned with firm characteristics in emerging manufacturing markets. Highlights • Board structure, leverage, and ownership are associated with financial performance indicators • Firm size produces varying moderating patterns across performance measures • Market valuation metrics relate differently to accounting-based performance Keywords Firm Performance; Manufacturing Companies; Firm Size; Corporate Governance; Market To Book Value
Copyright (c) 2026 Rendi Setya Mahendra Rendi, Fauwzi Rahardiansyah, Susy Muchtar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Human Resource Development Patterns in Sidoarjo Based on Demography and Employment
General Background: Human resource development is a strategic prerequisite for sustainable regional development, particularly in areas experiencing dynamic demographic change. Specific Background: Sidoarjo Regency represents an economically active region in East Java with a large productive-age population, a labor market dominated by manufacturing and services, and evolving household consumption patterns. Knowledge Gap: Existing regional studies rarely integrate demographic structure, employment characteristics, skill alignment, and economic capacity within the Workforce Development Theory framework at the local level. Aims: This study analyzes human resource development in Sidoarjo Regency through demographic conditions and employment potential using a qualitative descriptive approach. Results: The findings reveal a high labor force participation rate with dominance of senior high school graduates absorbed mainly in service and manufacturing sectors, alongside persistent open unemployment and skill mismatch, particularly among secondary and higher education graduates. Economic support is characterized by concentrated MSME credit in manufacturing and increasingly modern consumption patterns, yet accompanied by welfare disparities. Novelty: This study provides an integrated regional analysis linking labor structure, participation, competency alignment, and household economic capacity within a workforce development perspective. Implications: The results indicate the need for integrated human resource development policies that align education and training with labor market demand while addressing economic inequality to support sustainable regional workforce development. Highlights: Labor participation remains high but is accompanied by persistent open unemployment and competency mismatch. Manufacturing and service sectors dominate job absorption alongside concentrated MSME financing. Rising household consumption reflects economic growth alongside continuing welfare disparities. Keywords: Human Resource Development, Employment, Demography
Copyright (c) 2026 Antaresta Pradipa Widyadhana, Tri Siwi Agustina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatial Clustering Of Tourism Investment Potential In Tomohon City
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:65dd182d-e438-4668-8879-2fe0d302948d-1" data-testid="conversation-turn-4" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> General Background: Tourism represents a strategic driver of regional economic development that requires spatially grounded analytical approaches to support investment planning. Specific Background: Tomohon City, a volcanic tourism area in North Sulawesi, contributes substantially to regional economic output but experiences uneven spatial distribution of tourism investment due to accessibility and infrastructural variation. Knowledge Gap: Tourism investment planning in Tomohon has not previously integrated spatial clustering analysis with interactive geovisualization to classify investment potential systematically. Aims: This study aims to analyze and visualize tourism investment potential in Tomohon City using K-Means spatial clustering integrated into a WebGIS platform. Results: Based on 500 tourism sites and indicators including accessibility, visitor volume, supporting facilities, and estimated return on investment, three clusters were identified: high potential areas covering 28% of the region with ROI of 25–35%, medium potential areas covering 52% with ROI of 15–25%, and low potential areas covering 20% with ROI of 5–15%. Novelty: This research introduces an integrated spatial model combining K-Means clustering and WebGIS visualization for tourism investment assessment in a volcanic urban setting. Implications: The results provide a replicable spatial decision-support framework for tourism investment planning aligned with sustainable development objectives. Highlights • Tourism sites are spatially grouped into three investment potential categories • Central urban areas dominate high-return tourism zones • Web-based mapping supports structured spatial decision-making Keywords Spatial Analysis; Tourism Investment; WebGIS; K-Means Clustering; Tomohon City
Copyright (c) 2026 Efraim R. S. Moningkey, Nelsi Timang, Kristofel Santa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of Transfer Learning VGG-16 and ResNet50 for Deep Learning-Based Classification of Edible and Poisonous Mushroom Images
General Background Accurate identification of edible and poisonous mushrooms is critical for food safety because high visual similarity among species often causes misclassification. Specific Background Deep learning with transfer learning using Convolutional Neural Networks has been widely applied for image-based mushroom classification, particularly through pretrained architectures such as VGG-16 and ResNet50. Knowledge Gap Nevertheless, limited comparative evidence exists regarding which architecture provides more stable and balanced performance when applied to relatively small and diverse mushroom image datasets. Aims This study compares VGG-16 and ResNet50 transfer learning models for binary mushroom toxicity classification using the Kaggle Edible and Poisonous Mushroom Images dataset consisting of 2,820 images from 47 species. Results Using a 70:15:15 training, validation, and testing split with standardized preprocessing and data augmentation, the fine-tuned VGG-16 model achieved 96% test accuracy with a loss of 0.1671, while the ResNet50 model reached 92% accuracy with a loss of 0.2991. Both models obtained a ROC AUC value of 1.000, although VGG-16 demonstrated more balanced precision, recall, and F1-scores across classes. Novelty This research presents a direct and systematic comparison of two widely used pretrained CNN architectures under identical experimental settings. Implications The findings support automated mushroom toxicity identification to assist safer mushroom consumption decisions. Highlights: The strongest model achieved 96% accuracy with lower classification loss. The alternative model produced lower accuracy under identical conditions. Both approaches reached perfect ROC AUC with differing class balance. Keywords: Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), VGG-16, ReNet50, Mushroom Image Classification
Copyright (c) 2025 Almira Zuhrotus Safira, Sindhu Rakasiwi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Computer System Failure Prediction: Ensemble and Gradient Boosting Analysis
General Background: The growing dependence on computer systems across industrial and service sectors has increased the need for reliable early failure prediction to ensure operational continuity. Specific Background: Recent advances in artificial intelligence, particularly ensemble methods, gradient boosting algorithms, Automated Machine Learning (AutoML), and Explainable AI (XAI), have demonstrated strong potential in analyzing complex operational data for predictive maintenance. Knowledge Gap: Existing studies largely address these techniques in isolation, with limited focus on their integrated application and interpretability in real-world, dynamic environments. Aims: This review examines recent AI-based approaches for computer system failure prediction, emphasizing ensemble learning, gradient boosting, AutoML, and XAI. Results: The analysis indicates that gradient boosting and ensemble models offer superior predictive accuracy, while AutoML reduces development effort and XAI enhances model transparency and trust. Novelty: The review highlights the combined role of performance-driven and explainability-focused techniques within a unified predictive framework. Implications: Integrating these approaches supports more reliable, interpretable, and cost-effective predictive maintenance strategies in modern computing systems. Keywords : Computer System Failure Prediction, Artificial Intelligence, Ensemble Methods, Gradient Boosting, Explainable Artificial Intelligence Highlight : div]:bg-bg-000/50 [&_pre>div]:border-0.5 [&_pre>div]:border-border-400 [&_.ignore-pre-bg>div]:bg-transparent [&_.standard-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pl-2 [&_.standard-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,ul,ol,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pr-8 [&_.progressive-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pl-2 [&_.progressive-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,ul,ol,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pr-8"> _*]:min-w-0 standard-markdown"> Combined model strategies consistently outperform conventional monitoring by capturing complex operational patterns. Sequential tree-based learners demonstrate strong suitability for large-scale, noisy, and heterogeneous operational data. Interpretation frameworks strengthen practitioner trust by clarifying decision rationales for preventive maintenance actions
Copyright (c) 2026 ALaa KHudhair ali, Zeinh Sabeeh Jaseem, Ruaa Kadhim Jabir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GAN and DINOv2 Framework for Robust Cross-Condition Gait Recognition
General Background: Gait recognition is a remote, non-invasive biometric widely used in forensics, surveillance, and security systems. Specific Background: Deep learning has advanced gait analysis, yet CNN-based approaches struggle with temporal coherence, cross-view variation, and degraded silhouettes. Knowledge Gap: Existing studies typically separate gait synthesis and recognition, with limited use of self-supervised transformers and insufficient joint evaluation of generative quality and identification performance. Aims: This study proposes an integrated framework combining multi-GAN gait reconstruction, DINOv2 vision transformer feature extraction, and CNN-based identity classification. Results: StyleGAN2 produced the most realistic silhouettes (PSNR 31.2 dB, SSIM 0.925, FID 18.3), while DINOv2 yielded highly separable 768-dimensional features, leading to 98.3% classification accuracy across varied walking conditions and strong clustering metrics (NMI 0.891, ARI 0.847). Novelty: The work unifies generative gait synthesis, transformer-guided spatiotemporal representation, and comprehensive evaluation within a single pipeline. Implications: The framework supports reliable biometric verification in forensic investigation, surveillance monitoring, rehabilitation assessment, and real-time security deployment under clothing, view, and carrying variations. Highlights: Joint GAN synthesis and transformer features within one gait recognition pipeline. High-quality silhouette reconstruction linked to superior identity separability. Stable recognition (>94%) under clothing, view, speed, and carrying variations. Keywords: Gait Recognition, GAN, DINOv2, Biometric Identification, Computer Vision
CNN-Based Image System for Automated Agricultural Crop Condition Monitoring
General Background: Rising food demand and climate variability require precise, scalable crop monitoring solutions. Specific Background: Traditional field inspections are labor-intensive, subjective, and unsuitable for large areas, motivating image-driven automation. Knowledge Gap: Many studies address plant disease detection, yet few present an integrated, adaptable framework that unifies preprocessing, feature learning, and multi-class crop condition assessment under diverse field conditions. Aims: This study develops a machine learning image analysis system using convolutional neural networks to classify crops as healthy, normal, or diseased from ground, UAV, and remote-sensing images. Results: The model achieved stable, high-accuracy classification, strong recall for diseased crops, and robustness to lighting, background variability, and crop diversity through preprocessing and augmentation. Novelty: The work integrates end-to-end preprocessing, deep feature extraction, and comparative positioning against SVM and KNN within a unified monitoring pipeline tailored to real-field variability. Implications: The system supports timely agro-technical decisions, reduces human error, and advances practical smart farming and digital agriculture deployment. Highlights: End-to-end CNN pipeline for healthy, normal, and diseased crop classification. Robust performance under variable lighting, background, and crop types. Practical pathway toward scalable smart farming monitoring systems. Keywords: Crop Monitoring, Convolutional Neural Networks, Image Processing, Smart Farming, Machine Learning
Copyright (c) 2026 Golib Berdiev , Sojida Ochilova, Muzaffar Ochilov, Aziza Kholiqova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Purse Seine Fleet Optimization with E-Logbook Data in GoronPost-Election Communication Drives Reconciliation in Tallung Ura Villagetalo Fisheries
General Background: Local elections in Indonesia frequently trigger polarization, damaged social relations, and prolonged distrust within communities. Specific Background: In Tallung Ura Village, Enrekang Regency, the 2024 election created social fragmentation, emotional tension, and disrupted daily interactions among residents. Knowledge Gap: Limited research addresses reconciliation models that apply communication strategies integrating religious values and local cultural wisdom in rural settings. Aims: This study analyzes the roles of communicators, communication mechanisms, and strategies that support post-election reconciliation. Using a qualitative case study, data were obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation with religious leaders, village authorities, and community actors. Results: Reveal that local communicators acted as mediators delivering persuasive, empathetic messages; open dialogue and personal mediation reduced tensions; and strategies grounded in Islamic teachings and cultural values such as sipakatau, sipakalebbi, and sipakainge rebuilt trust and social cohesion. Novelty: Lies in presenting a reconciliatory communication model based on spiritual guidance, cultural identity, and participatory mechanisms unique to Tallung Ura and rarely examined in political reconciliation literature. Implications: Indicate that strengthening mediator capacity and establishing communication forums may provide a transferable framework for restoring grassroots harmony and preventing recurring conflict in similar post-election contexts. Highlights • Mediators used persuasive and empathetic communication to reduce tensions. • Religious principles and cultural values supported sustainable reconciliation. • Structured dialogue forums restored trust and rebuilt social cohesion. Keywords Post-Election Communication; Reconciliation Strategy; Local Mediators; Cultural Values; Social Cohesion
Copyright (c) 2025 Mutia Husnah, Haidir Fitra Siagian, Anggriani Alamsyah, Arifuddin Arifuddin, Kamaluddin Tajibu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
YouTube Da’wah Viewing and Student Religious Commitment
General Background: The rapid expansion of digital media has transformed religious communication, positioning YouTube as a prominent platform for Islamic da’wah among university students. Specific Background: Within Islamic higher education, students increasingly access da’wah videos that combine visual, auditory, and spiritual messages aligned with contemporary digital lifestyles. Knowledge Gap: Despite growing digital da’wah consumption, empirical studies specifically examining YouTube viewing intensity in relation to religious commitment among Islamic university students remain limited. Aims: This study aims to examine the relationship between watching Islamic da’wah videos on YouTube and religious commitment among students of UIN Alauddin Makassar. Results: Using a quantitative survey approach and simple linear regression analysis, the findings demonstrate a positive and statistically significant relationship between the intensity of watching da’wah videos and students’ religious commitment, with a moderate correlation level. Novelty: The study strengthens empirical evidence on digital da’wah by focusing on viewing intensity as a measurable variable linked to religious commitment within the context of Islamic higher education in Indonesia. Implications: These findings underline the strategic role of YouTube as a contemporary da’wah medium supporting students’ religious awareness, consistency, and practice, while also providing a reference for future digital da’wah development in Islamic universities. Highlights • Higher da’wah video viewing intensity corresponds with stronger student religious commitment • YouTube functions as an active medium for fulfilling students’ spiritual needs • Digital da’wah aligns with communication theories emphasizing active media use Keywords YouTube; Digital Da’wah; Religious Commitment; Islamic Students; Viewing Intensity
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Rahmah, Muhammad Anshar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Islamic Humanity and Spiritual Balance in the Song Assalamualaikum
General Background: Religious songs have increasingly functioned as alternative media for conveying Islamic values within contemporary digital communication. Specific Background: The song Assalamualaikum by Opick communicates religious messages through symbolic lyrics that integrate spirituality, humanity, and everyday social life. Knowledge Gap: However, focused academic analysis of the layered Islamic preaching meanings in this song remains limited, particularly through a semiotic perspective. Aims: This study aims to examine the Islamic preaching messages embedded in the song Assalamualaikum using Roland Barthes’ semiotic framework. Results: Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the findings show that the song represents a balanced Islamic worldview through three interconnected meanings: the salam as a symbol of prayer and brotherhood, remembrance of God and charity as spiritual responses to life difficulties, and sustained hope for divine forgiveness. These meanings operate across denotative, connotative, and mythological levels, illustrating harmony between devotion to God and social relations. Novelty: This study offers a focused semiotic reading of a single religious song within the context of digital-era da’wah, providing a more specific analytical emphasis than previous studies. Implications: The findings contribute to Islamic communication scholarship by demonstrating how religious music functions as a meaningful medium of contemporary preaching and as a cultural text conveying spiritual and social values simultaneously. Highlights • The song communicates Islamic preaching through layered semiotic meanings • Salam is represented as prayer, brotherhood, and social harmony • Remembrance and charity are framed as spiritual responses to life challenges Keywords Islamic Preaching Message; Religious Song; Semiotic Analysis; Roland Barthes; Islamic Communication
Copyright (c) 2026 Muadziana Salsabila Hanifah, Muhammad Yusuf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Women's Leadership In Media: Gender Equality, Media Management And Content Policy
General Background: Women’s leadership in the media is increasingly recognized as a key factor in advancing gender equality and democratic values within contemporary societies. Specific Background: Despite women’s substantial participation in journalism and the media workforce globally and in Uzbekistan, their representation in media leadership and decision-making positions remains limited, shaped by patriarchal structures, gender stereotypes, and the glass ceiling phenomenon. Knowledge Gap: There is insufficient integrated analysis linking women’s media leadership with content policy, media management practices, and gender representation in the Uzbek and Central Asian context. Aims: This study aims to analyze the role of women leaders in the media, their influence on media management and content policy, and their contribution to gender equality. Results: The findings indicate that women’s leadership is associated with more inclusive content, reduced gender stereotypes, and strengthened social justice narratives. Novelty: The study combines feminist media theory with regional empirical analysis to contextualize women’s media leadership in Uzbekistan. Implications: The results support policy, institutional, and educational strategies to expand women’s leadership and promote equitable media development. Keywords : Women's Leadership In Media, Gender Equality, Media Management, Feminist Media Theory, Glass Ceiling Highlight : Women-led media organizations cover gender issues 40% more than others. Global female media leadership reached only 27% despite women comprising 40% of journalists. Glass ceiling barriers and patriarchal structures limit women's advancement to leadership roles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdullayeva Rahima Raimkul kizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Noncompliance in Indonesia Additional Hajj Quota Allocation
General Background The administration of the Hajj pilgrimage in Indonesia is governed by Law Number 8 of 2019, which mandates fairness, transparency, and prioritization of regular pilgrims in quota management. Specific Background In 2024, Saudi Arabia granted Indonesia an additional Hajj quota intended to address prolonged waiting lists, yet its domestic distribution generated controversy due to allocations favoring special pilgrims. Knowledge Gap Existing studies largely emphasize Hajj diplomacy and service management while insufficiently examining legal compliance in the domestic allocation of additional quotas resulting from bilateral agreements. Aims This study examines the Indonesian government’s noncompliance with Law Number 8 of 2019 in distributing the additional 2024 Hajj quota from an international relations and governance perspective. Results The findings reveal discrepancies between statutory provisions and policy practices, marked by the diversion of additional quotas to special pilgrims, limited transparency in decision-making, and weak accountability mechanisms. Novelty This research integrates national interest theory and good governance principles to connect bilateral diplomacy outcomes with domestic legal adherence in Hajj administration. Implications The study underscores that diplomatic achievements in securing additional Hajj quotas must be accompanied by lawful and transparent domestic implementation to preserve public trust, uphold pilgrims’ rights, and ensure coherent governance within Indonesia’s Hajj administration framework. Highlights: Allocation practices diverged from statutory priority for long-waiting regular pilgrims. Decision-making procedures lacked public transparency and administrative accountability. Diplomatic gains were not consistently aligned with domestic legal obligations. Keywords: Noncompliance, Hajj Quota Distribution, Good Governance
Copyright (c) 2026 Madalia Faza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Helicobacter pylori Infection: From Pathogenesis to Clinical Management
General Background: Helicobacter pylori represents a gram-negative bacterium colonizing gastric mucosa in approximately half of the global population, recognized as the primary causative agent of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Specific Background: The bacterium employs sophisticated virulence factors including cytotoxin-associated gene A and vacuolating cytotoxin A to establish chronic infection, triggering persistent inflammatory responses that progress through atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia toward malignancy. Knowledge Gap: Despite advances in understanding pathogenesis and treatment protocols, escalating antibiotic resistance threatens conventional eradication strategies, necessitating comprehensive evaluation of current diagnostic approaches and therapeutic interventions. Aims: This review systematically examines the microbiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies for H. pylori infection, with particular emphasis on antibiotic resistance patterns. Results: Evidence demonstrates that bismuth-based quadruple therapy achieves 80-90% eradication rates even in clarithromycin-resistant regions, while H. pylori eradication significantly reduces gastric cancer risk when implemented before precancerous lesion development. Novelty: The analysis integrates molecular resistance mechanisms with population-based epidemiological patterns to inform personalized treatment selection. Implications: Sustained multidisciplinary collaboration remains essential for developing novel antibiotics, rapid susceptibility testing, and effective vaccines to reduce global H. pylori disease burden. Keywords : Helicobacter Pylori, Gastric Cancer, Peptic Ulcer Disease, Antibiotic Resistance, Diagnostic Methods Highlight : Bacterium infects approximately 4.4 billion individuals worldwide with varying regional prevalence rates. Clarithromycin resistance reaches 50% in some regions, reducing triple therapy effectiveness significantly. Early eradication prevents gastric cancer progression when administered before precancerous lesion onset.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noor Adnan Mahmood, Olfat Raouf Mahmoud, Lubna Arkan Younis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Isolation and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa From the Patients with Respiratory Tract Infection
General Background: Respiratory tract infections caused by bacterial pathogens contribute significantly to global morbidity and mortality, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa being a major nosocomial pathogen frequently isolated from respiratory infections. This Gram-negative bacterium exhibits intrinsic antibiotic resistance and can develop multiple resistance mechanisms, making treatment increasingly challenging. Knowledge Gap: Although P. aeruginosa is recognized for multidrug resistance, periodic monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility patterns in specific geographic regions remains essential as resistance profiles vary temporally and geographically. Aims: This study aimed to isolate and identify P. aeruginosa from sputum samples of patients with respiratory tract infections and determine antibiotic susceptibility patterns against thirteen commonly used antibiotics. Results: Among 110 sputum samples collected from Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital (March-July 2025), P. aeruginosa was isolated from 33.33% of culture-positive samples, demonstrating highest resistance to ceftazidime (76.92%), cefepime (73.07%), and levofloxacin (76.92%), while showing greater sensitivity to amikacin (61.53%) and colistin (53.84%). Novelty: This investigation provides current antibiotic resistance data specific to the Al-Diwaniyah region, revealing alarmingly high resistance rates to modern-generation cephalosporins. Implications: These findings necessitate updating regional antibiotic treatment protocols for respiratory infections and recommend amikacin-colistin combination therapy to mitigate further resistance development. Keywords : Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Antibiotic Resistance, Respiratory Tract Infections, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Multidrug Resistance Highlight : P.aeruginosa accounted for 33.33% of bacterial respiratory tract infections studied. Highest resistance observed to Ceftazidime (76.92%), Levofloxacin (76.92%), and Cefepime (73.07%). Amikacin and Colistin demonstrated greatest effectiveness with 61.53% and 53.84% sensitivity rates.
Integrating Artificial Intelligence for Monitoring and Assessment of Field Biological Control Strategies
General Background Biological control is a core component of integrated pest management aimed at reducing chemical pesticide dependence while preserving ecosystem integrity. Specific Background However, conventional monitoring and evaluation of biological control programs remain labor-intensive, time-consuming, and limited by declining taxonomic expertise. Knowledge Gap There is still limited evidence from real-field conditions on how artificial intelligence, sensor technologies, and unmanned aerial vehicles can be integrated into a unified monitoring, prediction, and deployment framework for biological control. Aims This study reviews and evaluates the integration of AI-based monitoring systems, predictive modeling, and drone-assisted deployment of biological control agents in agricultural fields. Results Field trials in Central California and Southern India demonstrated high pest detection accuracy (90–95%), reliable predictive performance (AUC > 0.89), improved deployment efficiency, and pest suppression ranging from 55% to 78% across different agents. Novelty The study presents a comprehensive, field-tested framework combining computer vision, acoustic sensing, hyperspectral imaging, and UAV-based release within a single operational system. Implications The findings indicate that AI-supported biological control offers a scalable and cost-efficient pathway toward proactive, environmentally responsible pest management across diverse cropping systems. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Biological Control, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Pest Monitoring, Integrated Pest Management Key Findings Highlights: Multi-sensor AI systems achieved consistently high field-level pest detection accuracy. Drone-based release reduced labor costs while improving spatial coverage. Predictive modeling enabled earlier and more targeted biological interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Awaal Mahmood Lafta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green Synthesis of Polypogon monspeliensis–Based Silver Nanoparticles and Their Multifunctional Biomedical Potential
General Background: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has gained attention as a sustainable approach to produce bioactive nanomaterials for biomedical use. Specific Background: Polypogon monspeliensis contains diverse phytochemicals that can function as reducing and stabilizing agents in plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis. Knowledge Gap: Its potential as a green bioresource for fabricating multifunctional silver nanoparticles remains insufficiently explored. Aims: This study aimed to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of P. monspeliensis–derived silver nanoparticles (Pol-AgNPs). Results: Pol-AgNPs were successfully synthesized, exhibiting crystalline, quasi-spherical particles (≈51–69 nm) with notable dose-dependent antibacterial activity, strong DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and selective cytotoxicity against A549 lung cancer cells. Novelty: The work demonstrates the dual functional role of P. monspeliensis extract in nanoparticle synthesis and bioactivity. Implications: Pol-AgNPs represent promising eco-friendly nanomaterials for future biomedical applications. Keywords : Green Synthesis, Polypogon Monspeliensis, Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs), Antibacterial And Antioxidant Activity, Anticancer Nanomaterials Highlight : *]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:a692f13a-6008-4e31-870c-df4a8a8d9ca3-1" data-testid="conversation-turn-2" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> Plant extract reduced Ag+ yielding quasi-spherical, crystalline materials sized 51–69 nm. Dose-dependent antibacterial action strongest against Pseudomonas aeruginosa among tested pathogens. High radical scavenging and selective cytotoxicity toward A549 cells with limited normal fibroblast toxicity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alaa M. Alrudainy, Ahmed Mshari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lactoferrin on Physiological Characteristics and Intestinal Microorganisms in Anemic Rats
General Background: Iron is essential for hematopoiesis, immune competence, and growth, and its deficiency leads to anemia with systemic consequences. Specific Background: Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein, exhibits hematopoietic, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial activities that may benefit anemia and gut microbiota balance. Knowledge Gap: Experimental evidence comparing purified and commercial lactoferrin on hematological indices and intestinal microbial populations in anemic models remains limited. Aims: This study evaluated the effects of purified and commercial lactoferrin on blood parameters and gut microorganisms in anemic female rats. Results: Lactoferrin administration increased red blood cells, hemoglobin, and platelets, reduced white blood cell counts, enhanced lactic acid bacteria, and decreased coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., and Enterococcus spp., with strongest effects at 30 µg/kg purified lactoferrin, while Salmonella showed minimal change. Novelty: The study demonstrates dose-dependent superiority of purified lactoferrin over commercial forms. Implications: Purified lactoferrin represents a promising dietary supplement for anemia management and gut health modulation. Keywords : Lactoferrin, Iron Deficiency Anemia, Hematological Parameters, Gut Microbiota Modulation, Female Albino Rats Highlight : Purified supplementation significantly increased erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and platelet indices in anemic female models. Dose-dependent treatment reduced leukocyte counts, indicating pronounced immunomodulatory activity. Beneficial gut bacteria increased, while coliforms, staphylococci, and enterococci declined after intervention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suhad Khalid Sgheer, Tuqa Sabbar Rahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physiological and Parasitological Interactions: Investigating Host Responses to Parasitic Infections through Experimental Analysis
General Background Parasitic infections remain a major challenge in human and veterinary health due to their systemic physiological and immunological consequences. Specific Background Beyond tissue damage, parasites induce metabolic disturbances and immune modulation that influence disease progression. Knowledge Gap Integrated experimental evidence linking physiological alterations with immune cell activation and cytokine regulation remains limited. Aims This study aimed to investigate host physiological responses and immune dynamics during experimental Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium berghei infections. Results Infected hosts exhibited significant weight loss, fever, hypoglycemia, elevated CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and concurrent upregulation of IL-10. Gene expression analysis confirmed significant modulation of IL-6 and IL-10. Novelty The study provides an integrated assessment of physiological parameters, immune activation, cytokine production, and gene expression within a single experimental framework. Implications These findings highlight the complex balance between immune activation and regulation during parasitic infections and support the need for therapeutic strategies targeting immune modulation to improve parasite control while limiting immunopathology. Keywords: Parasitic Infection, Host Physiology, Immune Response, Cytokine Regulation, Experimental Model Key Findings Highlights: Experimental infection induced marked metabolic and thermoregulatory alterations in hosts. Adaptive immune activation involved significant CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Concurrent pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling reflected immune regulation during infection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aliaa Kadhem Mohsin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Orbital Element in Celestial Mechanics and Astrophysics: An In-Depth Review
General Background: Orbital elements constitute the fundamental framework for describing and predicting the motion of natural and artificial celestial bodies in celestial mechanics and astrophysics. Specific Background: While classical Keplerian elements adequately represent ideal two-body motion, real orbital dynamics are influenced by gravitational perturbations, non-conservative forces, numerical propagation requirements, and emerging data-driven techniques. Knowledge Gap: A coherent synthesis that integrates classical perturbation theory, advanced numerical methods, and recent machine learning applications across both astrodynamics and astrophysical contexts remains limited. Aims: This review aims to systematically examine the development, theoretical foundations, perturbative evolution, computational propagation methods, and modern AI-assisted approaches to orbital element analysis. Results: The review demonstrates that combining analytical theory with high-fidelity numerical and machine learning models improves orbit prediction accuracy and robustness. Novelty: It provides an integrated perspective linking traditional celestial mechanics with contemporary AI-based methodologies. Implications: The findings support enhanced orbit determination, space situational awareness, and astrophysical modeling of satellites, exoplanets, and small bodies. Keywords : Orbital Elements, Celestial Mechanics, Perturbation Theory, Machine Learning Orbit Prediction, Astrophysical Dynamics Highlight : Perturbations from non-spherical gravity, third-body effects, and drag significantly alter orbital dynamics. Machine learning enhances orbit prediction accuracy, especially for sparse observations and disturbed trajectories. Proper elements enable long-term stability analysis for asteroids and co-orbital body classification.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mayada Jasim Hamwdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Ontological Foundations of Islamic Psychology: A Critical Comparison with Western Psychology and Its Theoretical Implications
General Background: Contemporary psychology has predominantly evolved within Western empiricist and materialist traditions that conceptualize human nature through biological, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions. Specific Background: In contrast, Islamic Psychology is grounded in an Islamic worldview that understands human beings as an ontological unity comprising ruh, qalb, nafs, ‘aql, and jasad, each possessing distinct ontological status. Knowledge Gap: Despite increasing applied research in Islamic counseling and psychotherapy, the ontological foundations distinguishing Islamic Psychology as an autonomous scientific paradigm remain insufficiently articulated. Aims: This study aims to formulate a coherent ontological framework of Islamic Psychology and critically compare it with the dominant ontological assumptions of Western psychology. Results: Using a qualitative–philosophical library research approach, the study demonstrates that Islamic Psychology offers an integrative and hierarchical conception of the human soul that cannot be reduced to material or cognitive processes, while Western psychological paradigms largely operate within reductionist ontologies. Novelty: The study systematically articulates the ontological structure of ruh, qalb, nafs, ‘aql, and jasad as foundational elements of Islamic Psychology, positioning them as constitutive realities rather than symbolic constructs. Implications: This ontological clarification provides theoretical, methodological, and practical foundations for positioning Islamic Psychology as a philosophically autonomous and complementary paradigm within global psychological discourse, particularly in addressing spiritual and existential dimensions of human well-being. Highlights: Islamic Psychology is grounded in an integrative ontological model uniting spiritual, rational, and bodily dimensions. Western psychological paradigms predominantly rely on materialistic and reductionist ontological assumptions. Ontological clarification strengthens Islamic Psychology as an autonomous and complementary scientific paradigm. Keywords: Islamic psychology; ontology; human soul; spirituality; Western psychology
Copyright (c) 2026 Kumara Adji Kusuma, Eko Hardi Ansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
General Background: Mental attractiveness, or mindfulness, represents a cognitive strategy enabling individuals to engage flexibly with new experiences and generate creative solutions, playing a crucial role in academic performance and psychological well-being. Specific Background: University students, as key contributors to societal development, require enhanced mental capabilities to navigate complex learning environments and manage psychological stress effectively. Knowledge Gap: Despite its importance, no prior research has examined mental attractiveness among Arab or Iraqi university students, leaving a significant void in understanding how this cognitive trait manifests across different demographics in higher education settings. Aims: This study investigated the degree of mental attractiveness among Wasit University students and examined statistically significant differences based on gender (male-female) and academic specialization (scientific-humanities). Results: Analysis of 400 students using Langer's (1992) mental attractiveness scale revealed that university students possess high levels of mental attractiveness (M=49.70, SD=4.65), with no statistically significant differences according to gender (F=0.852) or specialization (F=0.026). Novelty: This represents the first empirical investigation of mental attractiveness among university students in the Iraqi context, establishing baseline measurements for this population. Implications: The findings suggest that mental attractiveness transcends gender and disciplinary boundaries, indicating universal cognitive flexibility among university students that can inform educational interventions promoting mindful learning practices and psychological resilience across diverse academic programs Keywords : Mental Attractiveness, University Students, Langer Theory, Gender Differences, Academic Specialization Highlight : University students demonstrate high levels of mental attractiveness regardless of background. Gender and academic specialization show no significant impact on mental attractiveness. Mental attractiveness enhances psychological well-being, self-confidence, and academic performance
Basic Approaches and Principles in Teaching Text Structure
General Background: Teaching text structure is a central component of native language education aimed at developing coherent oral and written communication. Specific Background: Methodological and linguistic studies emphasize diverse approaches and principles guiding the extraction of theoretical knowledge, skill formation, and error prevention in text construction. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive literature, a systematized synthesis of core approaches and principles for teaching text structure remains insufficiently articulated. Aims: This article aims to identify and classify fundamental approaches and principles underlying the teaching of text structure and the development of stable text-building skills. Results: The study delineates key linguistic, cognitive, communicative, modular, and competency-based principles, highlighting their roles in organizing theoretical content and designing effective exercises. Novelty: The article integrates these approaches into a coherent methodological framework grounded in existing theoretical and methodological sources. Implications: The findings support more systematic and principle-based instruction of text structure, contributing to improved communicative competence and speech culture in native language education. Keywords : Text Structure Teaching, Linguistic Pedagogical Approaches, Textual Error Correction, Native Language Instruction, Communicative Competence Development Highlight : Modular learning technology divides text structure concepts into independent modules for systematic knowledge acquisition. Textual errors include logical, compositional, and grammatical mistakes requiring targeted instructional intervention strategies. Linguistic phenomena demonstrate communicative essence through connected speech requiring integrated systematic native language education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shejauddin Hanif, Mohammad Basir Moqemi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0