Overcoming Barriers to Improve Halal Compliance in Indonesia Mengatasi Hambatan untuk Meningkatkan Kepatuhan Halal di Indonesia Rahma Anita Rizkia anita@gmail.com Phahlevy Rifqi Ridlo qq_levy@umsida.ac.id Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo Indonesia Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo Indonesia 24 10 2024 24 08 2024 <bold id="bold-f518de1cc9d35ab2b6a0ef2c93b352b9">Introduction</bold>

Global estimates suggest that more than a third of wild plants are threatened with extinction [1], either due to climate change or invasive plants that threaten 55%of local plant communities and unsustainable overuse commercial, industrial, therapeutic, overgrazing ,urban sprawl or ill–considered land use, etc. therefore protecting important areas for plant diversity is an essential element of plant conservation activities in all countries as a basis for providing ecosystem services and conserving biodiversity that supports sustainable livelihoods. Conserving wild plants on the basis of local (in situ) is the most successful way to preserve plant diversity and protect it from the effects of climate change and other factors [2],and identifying rare highly rare and endangered species contributes to their assessment, protection, conservation and preservation of their genetic resources, and ensuring optimal investment in this vital and important aspect of biodiversity [3].

 <bold id="bold-f251ffd1ba68ca1486a284033ced9635">Materials and Methods</bold> <bold id="bold-1599723f016478826320b5dcbcf182be">A. Materials</bold>

1. Protective gloves with a shovel for plants uproot, a high-resolution digital camera,a foldable metric scale, a color bar (2m) and scissors for cutting branches.

2.Geographical Information Systems (GPS) to determine sampling locations at sea level.

3. Specially sealed bags for collecting samples,and labels with the place and date of sample collection written on them.

4.Carton packages, newspaper paper, wooden presses, herbal scales, carton packages, and paper adhesive.

5.Thermal fans, in which succulent plants were dried that could not be dried in the usual way.

 <bold id="bold-03174e9c64daab5604aa37e23b45e2a3">B. Methods</bold>

1. Field Visits

The various field trips were carried out at the rate of three field trips per month for almost every study area at regular times as much as possible, as the samples were photographed and collected in clear weather (not windy or rainy), and they were carefully selected to be free from diseases and fungal infections.

2. Pressing the Plant Samples

The samples were pressed after being shaken and washed from the dust between newspapers and regular cardboard, and packed between the wooden presses, taking into account opening them and moving them daily until they dried. Then, they were transferred to the herbaceous-size cardboard and fixed with paper tape, and their information patch was pasted on the lower right side of the sample. Written on it are the sample number, the local name, the area and place of collection, the name of the collector or collectors, and the date of collection[4]

3. Scientific Classification of Plants

The plants were classified scientifically, mentioned its permanenceand its various uses based on the Iraqi flora [5], the lowland flora in Iraq [6], the first part of the updated lowland flora in Iraq [7], the second part of the updated lowland flora in Iraq [8], the geographical distribution of Iraqi wild plants [9],the poisoning plant in Iraq [10] plant wealth in Iraq[11];Desert pastures in Iraq[12];Taxonomic ranksof wild dicotyledons in Sodoor region-Diyala[4];Asurvey of wild dicot plants in Diyala province [3]; Medicinal herbs in the Kingdom of Saudia Arabia[13];Poisonous plants and their uses in the manufacture of medicines [14]; Medicinal plants and herbs and herbal medicine[15]; Flora of Iraq Vol:5 including (Apiaceae) [16]; Flora of Iraq, Vol :6:1 including (Composite) [17]; Plant Taxonomy [18]; Acomparative taxonomic study of some wild species of the Cruciferous family in Diyala Governorate[19].

4. Preservation of Plant Specimens

The samples, after their complete information was written down, were placed inside plastic bags, and the bags were well closed in order to preserve the samples from breakage and damage and were kept in the herb.

 <bold id="bold-858ed78669755e8ca7750db74bedc97b">Results and Discussion</bold> <bold id="bold-0b849532a2ac45515dff87793606495f">A. Results</bold>

The botanical survey of the areas of Diyala Governorate during the research period (2021–2022-2023) showed the presence of 20 wild rare and endangered species organized into 19 genera, whose taxonomic ranks belong to the 10 family , and it is clear from Table (1) that all of collected plants are herbaceous plants, 14 species of which are annual, 6 types of which are perennial.

The local names and growth nature of rare and endangered plants in study area.

Family No The scientific name Common name The nature of growth
APIACEAE 1 Caropodium platycarpum (B&H)S Daghal Perennial
2 Eryngium creticum Lam. Ksoob Perennial
ASTERACEAE 3 Andryala sp. Daghal Annual
4 Artimesia scoparia Waldst.et Kit. Salmas Perennial
5 Centaurea solstitialis L. Mirrar Annual
6 Chondrilla juncea L. Daghal Perennial
7 Gamochaeta pensylvanica (W.)C. Daghal Annual
8 Scolymus maculatus L. Likhlakh,Ksoob Annual
BALANOPHORACEAE 9 Cynomorium coccineum L Tartuth Perennial
BRASSICACEAE 10 Brassica deflexa Boiss. Khardal barri Annual
11 Cardamin hirsute L. Rashad Murr Annual
12 Diplotaxis acris (Forssk.)Boiss. Yahq,Kafsha Annual
13 Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.). Khaffaj Annual
14 Rapistrum ragosum (L.) All. Fajal barri Annual
CAPRIFOLIACEAE 15 Lomelosia palaestina (L.) Raf. Zahrat aljarab Annual
CUCURBITACEAE 16 Cucumis melo L. Butush Annual
FABIACEAE 17 Hippocrepis multisiliquosa L. Hudwat alhisan Annual
MALVACEAE 18 Hibiscus trionum L Jinjil Annual
MARTYNIACEAE 19 Ibicella lutea (Lindl.)Van Eselt. Kurun alghazal Annual
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 20 Zygophyllum fabago L. Khanaag aldajaj Perennial

From Table 2 Shows the location of rare and endangered plants within the five provinces in which the research area is located according to the Guest map of Iraqi plant provinces [19],as well as their its various uses in the study area.

Geographical distribution and usese of the studied plants in the districts of the study area.

Family No The scientific name Distribution in the study area districts Usese
APIACEAE 1 Caropodium platycarpum (B&H)S FPF-Baldruz Food, Industrial
2 Eryngium creticum Lam. LEA-Muqdadiyah Food, Medical, Ornamental
ASTERACEAE 3 Andryala sp. LEA-Baqubah Weed
4 Artimesia scoparia Wal.et Kit. LEA-Muqdadiyah Medical, Aromatic
5 Centaurea solstitialis L. LEA-Muqdadiyah Weed
6 Chondrilla juncea L. LEA-Baqubah Weed
7 Gamochaeta pensylvanica (W.)C. LEA-Baqubah Weed
8 Scolymus maculatus L. LEA-Muqdadiyah Medical, Fodder
BALANOPHORACEAE 9 Cynomorium coccineum L FPF-Baldruz-Mandali Medical, Food, Industrial
BRASSICACEAE 10 Brassica deflexa Boiss LEA-Abo Jasra Medical
11 Cardamin hirsute L. LEA –Abu Ssida Food
12 Diplotaxis acris (Forssk.)Boiss. DGA-Dalli Abbas Food
13 Diplotaxis tenuifolia(L.). LCA-Khan Bani Saad Food, Medical, Industrial
14 Rapistrum ragosum (L.)All. LEA-Baqubah Food, Medical, Toxic
CAPRIFOLIACEAE 15 Lomelosia palaestina (L.)Raf. LCA-Hamrin Mountains ,Khanaqin Medical, Ornamental, Industrial
CUCURBITACEAE 16 Cucumis melo L. LEA-Muqdadiyah Food, Fodder, Medical, Toxic
FABIACEAE 17 Hippocrepis multisiliquosa L. FPF-Imam Weiss Fodder
MALVACEAE 18 Hibiscus trionum L LEA-Muqdadiyah Ornamental
MARTYNIACEAE 19 Ibicella lutea (Lindl.)Van Eselt. FPF,Mandali,LEA-Baqubah Medical
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 20 Zygophyllum fabago L. LEA-Baqubah Medical, Toxic

The results of the botanical survey of the study area during the research period showed that these plants are rarly distributed in terms of the number of samples collected and their distribution areas, this may be attributed to climate changes such as high temperatures, drought,low rainfall or urban expansion at the expense of pastures and agricultural lands,Given the nutritional, therapeutic, medicinal, fodder and other local uses of these plants ,so its necessary to continue botanical surveys for the purposes of preserving and sustaining them, as well as sustaining the vegetation cover and biodiversity [20].

<bold id="bold-0f8d208fcc00070cd62c2c18b3070558">1. <italic id="italic-7adea9b8d46766eb791f280d0f2f2bcd">Caropodium platycarpum, <bold id="bold-735a9f46fd96925ec541908dbfa1c61e">2. <italic id="italic-d693214a8126d07f308b4896ee1816d0">Eryngium creticum</italic></bold><bold id="bold-25094be832d157cd4c2ee0acfe7b5433"> <italic id="italic-bd27cca8a59b14542e2faefd106936c6"/></bold></italic></bold>

<bold id="bold-5867f7e0b94595f4c5728451305e08de">3. </bold> <italic id="italic-de007c0639d0be2d62f8d2161186b9bd"> <bold id="bold-e9c008745d9ccbdb025181198b341eb1">Andryala sp , <bold id="bold-5f543d6081a3895e27877e32329e1a20">4. <italic id="italic-9a61fc1c7df360470283cd905050df32">Artimesia scoparia</italic></bold></bold> </italic>

<bold id="bold-b78dca4aff288c19d3a3b04170f09084">5. </bold> <italic id="italic-50ed9d0121ad1fdaad1a1360016b00e7"> <bold id="bold-7669991f6ed1266ab08d1bd03e9fe1dd">Centaurea solstitalis , <bold id="bold-07286ef6bc62caa79218331fc89d6ba5">6. <italic id="italic-d3840a8b6abf91dba640c3eb553da277">Chondrilla juncea</italic></bold><bold id="bold-620c809d5ee334faf899f7bfebf9bd6c"> <italic id="italic-49cdc4338d2c72e74f192fbed9c2e541"/></bold></bold> </italic>

<bold id="bold-9c315f3d43efa88e5bd574e1ef56ba7e">7. <italic id="italic-609814903dcf7c19f2998f00f8d2d567">Gamochaeta pensylvanica</italic> , <bold id="bold-c06b10f921644779b69aef590efe820d">8. <italic id="italic-2330f8dd025d7bf26d5189aabec0f18c">Scolymus maculatus</italic></bold><bold id="bold-703284b94edcc94e6a66c5e03250e93d"> <italic id="italic-4b4c6987d7aaa938cf84ff2cf91a0261"/></bold></bold>

<bold id="bold-c5e7820adc3df499c85dc4f39c7ec719">9. <italic id="italic-9828525c888138ebd997c2ccdcd342f5">Cynomorium coccoineum</italic></bold> <bold id="bold-7ec3d6ed4308d2eea7fdfd2eaeb4d6d4">, <bold id="bold-83bb62708910a6f4da5d17fbbd9a593e">10. <italic id="italic-6563a8d0f8f40e29dc5b216f7f7dfa5b">Brassica deflexa</italic></bold><bold id="bold-6a19080788415b37d6d8862aa2beb2e1"> <italic id="italic-511ea4ff3de57896a51191c18a3d1d1c"/><italic id="italic-edb026943cec18e1c9adaa20e7afd3cd"/></bold></bold>

<bold id="bold-5efd99651f4500e086988fb3fc9cad57">11. </bold> <italic id="italic-0901c5c02316da416c916782ee316bd7">Cardamin hirsute</italic> <bold id="bold-d7ebe03bee55cca68756c3ee882c4e3e"> , <bold id="bold-51bcdcae12dcab816a476679f2949ad1">12. <italic id="italic-c6a697bd7a2d0c20b31c69464a9a7a9d">Diplotaxis acris</italic></bold><bold id="bold-44a7a28c70390584d2cb7dbd15a92687"> <italic id="italic-3f55c5a320ac4ae10f561b9f909b4f1b"/><bold id="bold-aa9259af760339856bf9e068c188b421"/><italic id="italic-cf42af2828ccef1ad39b8235d3ec93d6"/></bold></bold>

<bold id="bold-c0fb86a38f1ed86e2026525d55989dc0">13<italic id="italic-009aba538286b8b6d1801dd026012b80">. Diplotaxis tenuifolia , <bold id="bold-b0a0948dd40b48c2473bc8fb03c67f11">14. </bold><italic id="italic-d29834fc85db5cccfad3d191084e5be1">Rapistrum ragosum<bold id="bold-eb25b4fe015c05ddd18a2c69aaaee40b"/></italic></italic></bold>

<bold id="bold-61b42a623bd4c52299d4d0d44c6356dc">15.</bold> <italic id="italic-e3831c1552378eba33b105347ea27179">Lomelosia palaestina</italic> <bold id="bold-edf5e8dfdbb56fbd3e407bb7c8c10530"> , <bold id="bold-ff04be3f2aa23be91c027925153355e9">16.</bold> <italic id="italic-0f32162f0f0145bc8f505ea5020bd29d">Cucumis melo</italic> <italic id="italic-7c0175081afe86dfd447e183ee00f531"/><bold id="bold-0655ccba63b67b308884711e8de6e6d6"/><italic id="italic-40183ce90b11c1fcecdf95079d68be4e"/><bold id="bold-fc03cd812fb96826d718e6763c20c019"/><bold id="bold-34a44251afc7a31fee57da4310b0a94e"/></bold>

<bold id="bold-6dcc9065c5826daa31160c81b5c0769b">17.</bold> <italic id="italic-32cffabc197ac2f1ecf8e1fb32d49963">Hippocrepis multisiliquosa</italic> , <bold id="bold-910787446b78b63ceeeda57205c918d8">18.</bold> <italic id="italic-ebdf4402304edb2ad8ec5361341bdf4e">Hibiscus trionum</italic> <italic id="italic-f6ba21e91b058e01080cee65f2c08416"/><bold id="bold-3525b8cb529af43292c3e0e3e33fada9"/><bold id="bold-575ad884a8ca601589b22d3bf4abf639"/><bold id="bold-c48e12815b1bd72e06cc9d828e1e98be"/><bold id="bold-fb06a96f76d3458a974e31042b24d367"/>

<bold id="bold-1">19. </bold><italic id="italic-1">Ibicella lutea</italic> , <bold id="bold-db75728b7caa5753a854e3b08a0ec8d9">20<italic id="italic-be4108bc62929bef5c23d6e1677acd3c">.</italic></bold><italic id="italic-70a76f6f10a925f9c6c6a7475b888add"> Zygophyllum fabago</italic><bold id="bold-f9806684fc477332db2032b7ac23dd56"> <italic id="italic-2"/><bold id="bold-2"/><bold id="bold-3"/><italic id="italic-3"/></bold>

<bold id="bold-67794ffc1e1254784f4fb5699649b06d">Conclusion</bold>

This study documented 20 rare and endangered dicotyledonous plant species in Diyala Province, classified into 19 genera and 10 families, with varied ecological and socio-economic roles ranging from food and medicine to fodder and industry. The restricted distribution and low abundance of these species underscore the severe pressures posed by drought, declining rainfall, and anthropogenic activities such as urban expansion and overgrazing. These findings highlight the urgent need for conservation strategies that prioritize in situ preservation, sustainable land use, and integration of traditional ecological knowledge to safeguard local biodiversity. Moreover, the results provide a foundational dataset for policymakers and conservationists seeking to design biodiversity management programs in Iraq. Further research should explore genetic diversity, climate resilience, and community-based conservation approaches to ensure the long-term sustainability of these valuable plant resources.