Abstract

Background: International tourism has undergone profound changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic, significantly affecting global and regional travel flows. Specific Background: Uzbekistan, with its rich cultural heritage and strategic location, has seen evolving patterns in tourism development, especially in the post-pandemic context. Knowledge Gap: Despite the global attention to tourism recovery, limited studies have focused on Uzbekistan's unique trajectory and adaptive strategies in this period. Aims: This study aims to analyze the trends and prospects of international tourism in Uzbekistan from 2012 to 2023, with an emphasis on post-pandemic structural transformations. Results: The findings reveal that digitalization, sustainable practices, and personalized travel have become central to the sector's revival. Key enablers of growth include visa liberalization, infrastructure modernization, and innovative heritage management. Novelty: By integrating comparative global data with national statistics, this research provides a nuanced understanding of Uzbekistan’s tourism resilience and strategic adaptation. Implications: The study offers policy-relevant insights for enhancing the competitiveness of Uzbekistan’s tourism industry, highlighting the importance of aligning national strategies with global best practices amid ongoing uncertainties.

Highlights:

• Post-pandemic recovery strategies shaped tourism’s transformation.

• Infrastructure and visa reforms boost international arrivals.

• Innovation and sustainability drive long-term tourism growth.

Keywords: International Tourism, Post-Pandemic Recovery, Sustainable Development, Digitalization

Introduction

The development of international tourism is one of the priority areas of the global economy, contributing not only to income growth but also to the strengthening of intercultural interaction, job creation, and infrastructure development. However, the COVID-19 pandemic dealt an unprecedented blow to the tourism industry, causing a sharp decline in international tourist flows, the suspension of tour operators' activities, and the temporary closure of borders. In these circumstances, the study of tourism recovery processes, the identification of effective strategies for industry adaptation to new conditions, and the determination of prospects for its sustainable development have acquired particular importance.

For the Republic of Uzbekistan, which possesses rich historical and cultural heritage as well as unique natural resources, tourism serves as a powerful tool for economic diversification and the promotion of the national image on the international stage. In recent years, the country has implemented large-scale reforms aimed at liberalizing the visa regime, improving transport and tourism infrastructure, and digitalizing services. However, the post-pandemic reality requires a comprehensive analysis of the results achieved, an assessment of the pace of tourism recovery, and the development of new approaches to ensure sustainable sectoral growth.

Thus, the relevance of this study lies in the need for an in-depth analysis of current trends in the development of international tourism, an evaluation of post-pandemic recovery in Uzbekistan, and the formulation of strategic directions to enhance the country’s competitiveness as a global tourism destination.

1. Bibliographic Analysis

In recent years, the issue of restoring international tourism after the COVID-19 pandemic has gained central attention in scholarly discourse. Numerous studies have addressed the sector's structural transformation, economic resilience, and adaptive capacity. The UNWTO World Tourism Barometer consistently highlights the uneven recovery of international tourism across global regions, shaped by policy responses, vaccination progress, and innovation in service delivery [1].

Digitalization has emerged as a transformative force, as discussed by Sigala, who underscores how the pandemic catalyzed technological innovation in the tourism sector, including the proliferation of smart tourism ecosystems and virtual experiences [2]. Similarly, Fusté-Forné & Jamal argue that digital tools enhance resilience and promote sustainable visitor flows, especially in heritage tourism [3].

On the topic of sustainability, Gössling, Scott, and Hall emphasize that COVID-19 presents an opportunity to reshape tourism along ecological and social lines, promoting green recovery and climate-responsive infrastructure [4]. Dredge & Jamal (2015) also call for more inclusive and ethical tourism planning, especially in developing economies with fragile ecosystems [5].

With respect to tourism policy in Central Asia, Abriev examines how Uzbekistan introduced state-led reforms to support post-pandemic tourism, emphasizing visa liberalization, tax incentives for small businesses, and cultural programming [6]. Complementarily, Abduazizova outlines how government partnerships with private stakeholders have revived inbound tourism through integrated regional initiatives [7].

Beyond national studies, Hall draws attention to regional disparities in recovery rates, linking them to institutional readiness and crisis management capacity. He notes that emerging economies—such as Uzbekistan—need customized tourism models rooted in cultural authenticity, quality service provision, and regional cooperation.

Furthermore, Okumus et al. explore crisis leadership in tourism enterprises, emphasizing that long-term survival depends on strategic agility, digital transformation, and workforce retraining [8]. These insights align with Brouder, who advocates for evolutionary resilience, whereby destinations adapt not by returning to old models, but by co-creating new, inclusive, and innovative paths forward [9].

Studies like those of Postma, Cavagnaro, & Spruyt provide frameworks for measuring destination resilience, a concept highly relevant to Uzbekistan’s efforts to rebuild its tourism ecosystem. These metrics offer policy tools for balancing visitor numbers with quality of life, environmental impact, and community benefits [10].

Despite these growing bodies of literature, there remains a research gap concerning the comparative and data-driven assessment of Uzbekistan’s recovery in line with global tourism competitiveness metrics, such as the Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI) by the World Economic Forum and WTTC impact assessments. The current study seeks to address this gap by integrating macroeconomic indicators, national policies, and global tourism recovery benchmarks.

Method

Lastly, in terms of methodology, the study is informed by mixed-method approaches utilized in publications like Faulkner on tourism crisis management and Ritchie on tourism resilience frameworks [11], [12]. These provide a foundation for evaluating both short-term rebounds and long-term transformation trajectories in emerging tourism destinations like Uzbekistan.

Modern academic works devoted to the transformation of the tourism industry in the face of global challenges were used as the theoretical and methodological basis for this study.

Results and Discussion

International tourism plays a key role in the global economy, contributing to the development of various industries and strengthening cultural ties between countries. In the context of globalization and international relations, integration processes in the global economy are constantly influenced by disintegration factors. At the end of December 2019, the spread of COVID-19 was first recorded in China, prompting the entire world to reconsider its approach to socio-economic policy. The global impact of the coronavirus pandemic has seriously affected all aspects of life-economy, social development, and other sectors. Nearly 90 per cent of global economic activity was affected to some extent by the pandemic.

The economic damage to the tourism sector was primarily caused by a sharp decline in aggregate demand. This had a profound impact on the financial performance of airlines, travel companies, and the hospitality industry. However, by the 21st century, tourism had become a way of life for many people and has shown a notable ability to recover from political, economic, and social crises. Therefore, the recovery of the tourism sector and the rapid economic reforms carried out in line with global trends remain among the pressing issues of the international economy [13].

In 2023, the tourism industry continued its recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, reaching 89% of 2019 levels. Global tourism revenues totaled 1.5 trillion USD, equivalent to 96% of the pre-pandemic level. Particularly impressive growth was recorded in Europe, where international arrivals reached 747 million—exceeding the 2019 figures by 1%. The Middle East became the leader in terms of recovery rates, increasing tourist arrivals by 20% compared to pre-pandemic levels.

According to the latest UNWTO World Tourism Barometer report, international tourism continues to recover actively from the COVID-19 pandemic. The pace of recovery varies by region: some areas have already exceeded pre-pandemic levels, while others have yet to fully rebound. As shown in Figure 1, the recovery levels of international tourism by region in 2023 varied significantly, expressed as a percentage of 2019 figures. [14].

Figure 1. Recovery of tourism by region in 2023 relative to 2019 levels

The graph below presents a comparison of the recovery levels of international tourism by regions of the world in 2023 against the background of pre-pandemic indicators.

The graph above shows the recovery of international tourism in various regions of the world in 2023 against the background of pre-pandemic indicators. According to the UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, the Middle East has become the leader in terms of recovery rates, where the number of international tourist arrivals exceeded the pre-pandemic level by 22%. Europe has also made significant progress, showing a 94% recovery, which is even 1% higher than in 2019.

The Americas and Africa are also showing positive trends, recovering by 90% and 96%, respectively. At the same time, the Asia-Pacific region as a whole lags behind others, reaching only 65% of the pre-pandemic level due to the later lifting of travel restrictions and the slow recovery of tourist flows. The lag in Northeast Asia is particularly noticeable, where the recovery was only 55%.

The data confirm the global trend toward the recovery of international tourism, although the growth rate varies depending on the region. The most dynamic results were noted in regions with active government support for the industry, simplified visa regimes, and an increase in the number of flights [15].

For a more detailed analysis of the dynamics of international tourism in Uzbekistan, let's look at the statistics of tourist arrivals in recent years. The data clearly demonstrate the key changes in the tourist flow, including periods of growth, recession, and subsequent recovery. The dynamics of tourist arrivals in Uzbekistan from 2012 to 2023 are illustrated in Figure 2, showing periods of both growth and decline.

Figure 2. Number of foreign tourists visiting Uzbekistan (in thousands)

Below is a chart showing the number of tourists who visited Uzbekistan as a tourist destination.

In 2012–2016, the number of tourists remained relatively stable, not exceeding 2,000 thousand people. However, since 2017, there has been a sharp increase in tourist flow. In 2018, the number of foreign tourists reached 5,346.3 thousand, and in 2019 — a record 6,748.5 thousand. This growth is associated with the liberalization of the visa regime, improvement of tourism infrastructure, and the active promotion of Uzbekistan as a tourist destination [16].

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a sharp decrease in the number of tourists to 1,504.1 thousand, which was the lowest figure during the review period. However, starting in 2021, the tourist flow began to recover, reaching 5,232.8 thousand in 2022 and 6,626.3 thousand in 2023. This indicates a return to pre-pandemic levels and the recovery of the sector due to the easing of quarantine restrictions and the resumption of international travel.

Thus, the data analysis shows significant potential for the development of the tourism industry in Uzbekistan. The post-crisis recovery demonstrates the country’s attractiveness to foreign visitors and the prospects for further growth [17].

The prospects for the development of tourism in Uzbekistan are closely linked to the introduction of innovative technologies, improved infrastructure, and growing environmental awareness. The diversification of travel offerings, an emphasis on unique experiences, and improvements in service quality will allow Uzbekistan to strengthen its position as one of the leading tourist destinations in Central Asia. As depicted in Figure 3, the contribution of tourism to Uzbekistan’s GDP demonstrates a clear growth trend from 2018 through the projected figures for 2024.

2018–2019: The contribution of tourism to GDP began to increase gradually due to the initial steps toward visa liberalization and the active promotion of the country as a tourist destination.

Figure 3. Trend of tourism contribution to Uzbekistan’s GDP (2018–2024)

a. 2018–2019: The contribution of tourism to GDP began to increase gradually due to the initial steps toward visa liberalization and the active promotion of the country as a tourist destination.

b. 2020: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictions on international travel, the indicator declined, as tourist arrivals dropped sharply.

c. 2021–2022: Gradual recovery of the sector took place, driven by the resumption of international tourism, the easing of restrictions, and government support measures for the industry.

d. 2023–2024: Steady growth in tourism's contribution to GDP, supported by further infrastructure development, simplified visa procedures, and the growing popularity of Uzbekistan among foreign tourists.

Thus, despite the temporary decline in 2020, Uzbekistan’s tourism sector is showing positive dynamics. State policy aimed at the development of tourism, along with the country’s unique cultural heritage, contributes to increasing its share in the national economy. In the coming years, if current trends continue, the contribution of tourism to GDP may reach even higher levels.

The modern development of the tourism industry in Uzbekistan demonstrates a steady trend toward integration into the global tourism space, driven by the need to diversify the economy, enhance the country’s international appeal, and expand the export potential of services. In this context, the industry’s prospects are defined by several key areas grounded in the concepts of sustainable development, digital transformation, and innovative modernization:

1. Digitalization of tourism services is an integral component of competitive tourism. The integration of digital platforms, online booking systems, and mobile applications incorporating elements of artificial intelligence and virtual/augmented reality not only optimizes interaction with tourists but also creates a personalized consumer experience that meets the expectations of the global digital generation (smart tourism).

2. The development of transport and logistics infrastructure is the foundation for the spatial integration of tourism clusters. The expansion and modernization of aviation, rail, and road communications contribute to increasing territorial connectivity, improving access to remote regions, and stimulating a multiplier effect on related sectors such as logistics, trade, and culture.

3. Environmentally sustainable tourism is becoming a key factor in long-term territorial development. The creation of ecological routes, support for eco-hotels, development of agrotourism, and promotion of the “green economy” concept help reduce the anthropogenic pressure on natural resources by engaging the local population in economic activities based on the principles of inclusiveness and equity.

4. Innovative approaches to the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage involve the use of digital tools for interpreting cultural objects. The application of augmented reality (AR) technologies, 3D modeling, and interactive multimedia solutions helps generate interest in historical sites and supports the development of cultural and educational tourism as a tool for strengthening the national brand.

5. Personnel and service transformation of the industry requires the introduction of international quality standards, the development of professional training and retraining programs, and the intensification of cooperation with foreign educational and certification institutions. The creation of a skilled workforce is directly linked to tourist satisfaction and the destination’s overall image.

6. The diversification of tourism products and services ensures adaptability to changing tourist preferences and global trends. The development of niche segments such as gastronomic, event-based, wellness, pilgrimage, and sports tourism enhances the functional flexibility of the tourism sector and supports sustainable demand beyond the traditional seasonal cycle.

The implementation of these directions collectively forms the basis for Uzbekistan's transition from a resource-based tourism model to an innovation-oriented one, capable of ensuring long-term competitiveness on the international stage.

Conclusion

The conducted analysis allows for several well-founded conclusions regarding the current state and prospects for the development of international tourism in Uzbekistan. Firstly, despite the severe crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the global tourism industry has demonstrated remarkable resilience: by 2024, international tourist flows have almost returned to pre-pandemic levels, confirming a global trend of recovery and growth in the sector.

Secondly, Uzbekistan has successfully adapted to new realities through active government policies aimed at liberalizing the visa regime, modernizing tourism infrastructure, digitalizing services, and promoting the country's unique cultural heritage. These efforts have contributed to the restoration of tourist flows, which in 2023 nearly reached the record levels of 2019.

Thirdly, the sustainable development of Uzbekistan’s tourism sector requires continued efforts in several key areas: the development of environmentally-oriented routes, integration of digital technologies into tourism services, improvement of service quality, professional training of personnel, and active promotion of the country's image on the international stage.

In conclusion, international tourism in Uzbekistan is entering a phase of active recovery and modernization. Provided that the current reforms continue and global trends are adequately addressed, the country has strong potential to secure a stable position among the leading tourism destinations in Central Asia and make a significant contribution to national economic development.

References

1. UNWTO, World Tourism Barometer, vol. 21, no. 1, Jan. 2024.
2. M. Sigala, “Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and Implications for Advancing and Resetting Industry and Research,” Journal of Business Research, vol. 117, pp. 312–321, 2020.
3. F. Fusté-Forné and T. Jamal, “Tourism, Heritage and E-Tourism: The Potential of Digital Technology in Post-Pandemic Recovery,” Journal of Heritage Tourism, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2022, doi: 10.1080/1743873X.2021.1914800.
4. S. Gössling, D. Scott, and C. M. Hall, “Pandemics, Tourism and Global Change: A Rapid Assessment of COVID-19,” Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2021.
5. D. Dredge and T. Jamal, “Progress in Tourism Planning and Policy: A Post-Structural Perspective on Knowledge Production,” Tourism Management, vol. 51, pp. 285–297, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.06.002.
6. Z. S. Abriev, “Razvitie Sotsial’no-Ekonomicheskogo Potentsiala Turizma v Uzbekistane v Usloviyakh Pandemii COVID-19: Perspektivy na Budushchee cherez Prizmu Nastoyashchego,” Ekonomika, Predprinimatel’stvo i Pravo, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1361–1376, 2022.
7. D. A. Abduazizova, “Razvitie Turizma v Uzbekistane,” Science and Education Scientific Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 1–3, 2023.
8. F. Okumus, T. Wu, E. S. W. Chan, and L. Altinay, “Managing Hotel Employees in Times of Crisis: The Role of Leadership and Training,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 94, p. 102817, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102817.
9. P. Brouder, “Reset Redux: Possible Evolutionary Pathways Towards the Transformation of Tourism in a COVID-19 World,” Tourism Geographies, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 484–490, 2020, doi: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1760928.
10. A. Postma, E. Cavagnaro, and E. Spruyt, “Sustainable Tourism Development in UNESCO World Heritage Sites: A Resilience Framework,” Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 48–63, 2017, doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1189921.
11. B. Faulkner, “Towards a Framework for Tourism Disaster Management,” Tourism Management, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 135–147, 2001.
12. B. W. Ritchie, Crisis and Disaster Management for Tourism. Bristol, UK: Channel View Publications, 2009.
13. World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2023. London, UK: WTTC, 2023.
14. A. Gursoy and C. Chi, “Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Hospitality Industry: Review of the Current Situations and a Research Agenda,” Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 527–529, 2020.
15. M. Sigala, “Digital Transformation in the Tourism Industry: The COVID-19 Pandemic as an Accelerator of Change,” Journal of Tourism Futures, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 263–270, 2021.
16. S. Gössling, D. Scott, and C. M. Hall, “Pandemics, Tourism and Global Change: A Rapid Assessment of COVID-19,” Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2021.
17. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), COVID-19 and Tourism: Assessing the Economic Consequences. New York, NY: UNDP, 2020