The analysis of data in this table (1) shows that 52.3% of participants in the study were female, also shows that 46.4% of pupils are within age 8–10yrs., regarding level of education, the highest percentage in the study refers to 22.9% for pupils within fifth class of primary school. The residency variable shows that 60.8% of pupils are resident in urban.
Table (2) showed that brothers' and sisters in the family refers to 2 ≤ as seen with highest percentage in the study (77.1% and 71.2%). Also showed that most of pupils' father and mother is alive. The occupational status shows the highest percentage of fathers are employee (61.4%), while the mothers are housewife.
The table (3) showing a significant difference in the pupils’ practices regarding time of hand washing pre-test the intervention program and post- test the intervention program, as before the program the percentage of yes was 53.5% and after the program the percentage of yes was 75.0%.
The table (4) shows that there is a significant difference in the pupils’ practices regarding hand washing before the intervention program and after the intervention program, where before the program the correct performance was 48.7% and after the program the correct performance was 87.1%.
The table (5) shows there are a high significant relationship between the demographic information and pupil's practices of hand washing times regard to age and class while significant relationship regard the gender.
The table (6) shows there are a high significant relationship between the demographic information and pupil's practices of hand washing steps regard to age and class while a significant relationship regrading to the gender.
This chapter has provided a systematically ordered discussion and reasonable interpretation of the study findings based on available evidence from the literature and similar studies.
The analysis of data (table 1&2) showed that pupils are with highest percentage of age group (8 – 10) years and females, most of participants in the study within fifth class, and resident in urban. The number of brother and sister in the family refers to 2≤ children as the group with the highest proportion, also the most of father and mother is a live. The highest percentage is shown by the occupational status of fathers are employments while the most mothers are housewives.
The study finding agree with a study done by [6] who carried out a study on "Hand washing practice among public primary school children" and found that the majority of study participants—555 (82.7%)—were urban dwellers, and over 381 (56.9%) were female. Further corroborated by research conducted by [7], which showed that 61.84% of participants were in the 8–10 age group and 38.16% were in the 11–13 age group.
I believe that because they are more mature, they will be more open to taking part in the educational program. Because mothers are more adept at raising children, they are the ones who look after them all the time. The presence of fathers in the household also has a good impact on the research sample practices.
Discussion the statistical result according to overall assessment of pupil's about the time of hand-washing and steps of hand-washing(table 3&4), the analysis of data showed that a significant difference in the pupils’ knowledge and practices regarding hand washing before the intervention program and after application the intervention program that exploring clear enhancing in performance.
The study finding agree with a study done by [8] who conducted the study to evaluate the success of instruction in raising awareness of primary school pupils' hand-washing practices. When compared before and after the program's implementation, the results of this study show a statistically significant improvement in all areas of hand washing knowledge throughout the program phases.
Another supportive evidence has been found by [9] who aimed to find out how primary school pupils' knowledge and abilities are affected by a hand hygiene intervention. According to his research, when children are exposed to health education techniques, their handwashing behavior significantly increases.
Also study finding agree with a study done by [10], the purpose of the study was to assess how well a training program improved the hand washing practices of elementary school students. Who indicated that following the implementation of the educational program, there were statistically significant differences in the investigated sample's overall knowledge and practice score.
According to the current study (table 5+6) the relationship between demographic information and the steps of hand washing, steps of hand washing, the study showed there are a high significant relationship between the demographic information and pupil's practices of hand washing steps regard to age and class while a significant relationship regrading to the gender. Also there are a high significant relationship between the demographic information and pupil's practices of hand washing times regard to age and class while significant relationship regard the gender.
This result is consistent with [11], the purpose of this study is to determine how self-efficacy in appropriate hand washing is related to sociodemographic factors, knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Who discovered that the findings suggest to a significant association between gender and self-efficacy in proper hand washing.
Also study finding agree with a study done by [12] that aim to Find out how much knowledge, attitudes, and practice there is about handwashing among students in Eastern Province Schools is the goal of the current study. Showed there was a positive correlation between the mother’s education and hand hygiene practices (value p= 0.044).
In addition the study support by [13] that exploring following the training, there was a noticeable change in the way that pupils washed their hands. The mean score for students' hand-washing habits at pivotal moments throughout the previous twenty-four hours increased from 1.17 prior to the intervention to 1.67 subsequent to it (P < 0.001). In terms of soap usage, the current study discovered that at baseline, 211 (75%) participants washed their hands with soap; however, this number dramatically increased to 279 (99%) (P < 0.001) after the intervention.
From my perspective, regarding the parents' educational attainment, as educational attainment rises, so does medical culture, which strengthens people's defenses against infectious diseases through practices like good oral hygiene, hand washing, and personal hygiene.