Yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus L) is a winter-growing annual bulbous plant belonging to the family Iridaceae. It is well known for its bright yellow ornamental flowers and its high adaptability to wet environments and marshlands. The native range of Iris pseudacorus L extends across Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa; however, it has spread widely to many regions of the world due to its ornamental appeal and ecological applications (Gallego-Téva et al., 2019). The plant grows to a height of (0.5-1.5) m and has linear bluish-green leaves that are long and fan-shaped from near the base of the plant. The flowers are large, golden yellow and appear from late spring to early summer. Each flower has 3 reflexed outer tepals and 3 erect inner tepals, which frequently have a brown or purplish center (CABI, 2020).

The plant prefers wet and marshy soils as well as the banks of rivers and lakes. It is occasionally listed as an invasive species in areas not within its natural range, because of its rapid spread by bulbs and seed (Smith et al., 2018). As well as its ornamental value, yellow iris has special properties in biological wastewater treatment; it is one of the most commonly selected plants for CWs since it can accumulate large amounts of heavy metals and other pollutants (Zhang et al., 2014).

Nanotechnology application in agriculture is considered as one of the most promising modern approaches for enhancing crop productivity and sustainability. Among the different formulations of nano-based fertilisers, “super nano” is of significant interest since they carry essential macro- and micro-nutrients (including iron, zinc, copper and nitrogen) in the form of nanosized particles which have higher bioavailability and lower environmental losses (Kah, 2018).

Nitrogen is the central constituent of proteins and cytoplasm (protoplasm) and takes part in the enhanced biomass of plants as well as their reproductive functions. It is deemed an essential nutrient in the growth of crops within agricultural systems as it is involved in chlorophyll formation, increases photosynthesis efficiency, and plays a role in protein production and vitamin formation. Phosphorus is also involved in a variety of physiological functions such as energy metabolism, the biosynthesis of nucleic acid and lipid membrane, photosynthesis, respiration nitrogen fixation and enzymatic control (Abdul Majeed et al., 2023). For these reasons, nano fertilizers have received increasing attention as an alternative to conventional crops owing to their low-cost and high shelf-life nature due to their degree of stability against different environmental conditions. They are involved in promoting vegetative growth and flowering in numerous plants and received a lot of attention in the past few years. Physicochemical properties of nano-fertilizers that account for their high functional efficiency include small particle size (1–100) nm for easy entry of nutrients through plant cell membranes, large specific surface area which can increase interaction with plant biomolecules, controlled and slow nutrient release rate that reduces losses and enhances fertilization efficiency, and better solubility ensuring uptake in both wet and dry conditions. Nano-carriers are typically fabricated from metal oxides, e.g., ZnO [6,7] and Fe₂O₃ ; or natural organic carriers: biopolymers chitosan or alginate functionalized by macromolecular NPKZnCuFe. (Zhao et al., 2020). They limit agricultural residues and environmental pollutants, being able to be taken up by plants through several routes such as roots (for soil application) and leaves (for foliar sprays). The NPs enter stomatal apertures or the cuticle, and there release nutrients stored in the NP slowly stimulating photosynthesis, protein and enzyme synthesis, cell division (mitosis), and stress tolerance (salt, drought, heat). It has been reported that the nano-fertilizers can increase efficiency of literatures between (30-50)% (Naderi & Danesh-Shahraki, 2013). In recent times, a great deal of attention has focused on the application of nano-fertilizers like Super Nano for enhancing growth and flowering performance of bulbous plants including Iris pseudacorus L. given that they have demonstrated to be efficient in promoting nutrients use efficiency, productivity and reducing environmental pollutants (Gallego-Tévar et al. (2019) , yellow iris shows high physiological sensitivity to edaphic and mineral nutrient variability, thus we can conclude the same about nano-compounds on this vegetation, despite their experiments did not include these compounds, highlighting the interesting effect of advanced fertilization on vegetative and floral characteristics(Mohamed & El-Sayed (2022).observed in an Iris hollandica study, in which nano-fertilizers with iron, zinc, and copper led to increase of leaf number and length, stem diameter, bulb number and size, as well as flower number and size Solanki et al. (2015) suggested that the nano-fertilizers, namely zinc and iron oxides at suitable doses could significantly elevate photosynthesis, cell division and bulb formation processes, while excessive dose concentrations result in physiological inhibition resulting from the accumulation of nanoparticles in plant tissues Fraceto et al. (2016) were found to have superior absorption efficiency as compared to traditional fertilizers which benefit growth of different parts of the plants under wetter conditions, like Iris pseudacorus L. Zhao et al. (2020) also noted that low concentrations of nano-silver did not negatively affect vegetative growth, indicating the plant’s tolerance to nanoparticle exposure in water-saturated environments. Ali & Mashkoor (2023) studied the effect of bio-fertilizers combined with foliar application of nano-phosphate at( 0, 1, and 2) mg L⁻¹ on iris plants. The results showed that foliar spraying at 2 mg L⁻¹ significantly improved vegetative traits, including plant height, leaf number, and dry weight, as well as most floral traits, such as days to flowering, flower diameter, flower longevity, and bulb number and diameter, compared with other treatments and the control. Similar findings were reported by Ismail (2024) in Freesia hybrida L., Abdul Majeed et al. (2023) in Crocus sativus, and Lazar et al. (2024) in Petunia hybrida L.

The study was conducted within the lath house facility of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture, University of Kirkuk, Iraq, throughout the 2024–2025 cultivation period, commencing on 16 November 2024. The study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar application of nano-fertilizers containing macro- and micro-nutrients at five concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 )g L⁻¹ on growth ,flowering , bulb and bulblets yield of yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus L.). Two foliar sprays were applied, the first at the emergence of the third leaf and the second one month later.The experiment was designed as a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates and five plants per experimental unit. Lath house soil was prepared by clearing debris, plowing, leveling, removing shrubs, and smoothing the surface to ensure uniformity. Plants were grown in pots with a diameter of 15 cm and a capacity of 2 kg, filled with a mixed sandy soil, the physical and chemical properties of which are presented in Table 1. One bulb was planted per pot on 18 November 2024. Plants were irrigated manually using hand sprayers at ten-day intervals, with adjustments during rainfall periods or as needed. Foliar sprays were applied until the leaves were completely wetted, and weeding was performed whenever necessary.The recorded traits included vegetative growth traits (days to sprouting, plant height, length of the longest leaf, and number of leaves per plant), floral traits (days to flowering, flower diameter, diameter and length of the main flower stalk, and flower longevity), and bulb and bulblet traits (number of bulbs and bulblets per plant wet weight of bulbs and bulblets, and bulb diameter). All data were statistically analyzed using IBM

1-Vegetative Traits

Table 2 indicates that there were no significant differences among the means for the effect of foliar application of different concentrations of macro- and micro-nutrient nano-fertilizers on the vegetative traits of yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus L.). This finding is consistent with Kah et al. (2018), who reported that nano-fertilizers may not exhibit a clear effect on vegetative growth in some plant species, except at specific concentrations stress-tolerant plants, such as iris, possess high nutrient uptake efficiency and are capable of absorbing essential elements even without external fertilization.

Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that foliar application of the nano-fertilizer at a concentration of 4 g L⁻¹ significantly improved flowering traits. It accelerated the time to flowering, increased flower longevity on the plant, and enhanced the number of bulbs and bulblets per plant, as well as their wet weight and bulb diameter. These findings highlight the positive role of nano-fertilizers in promoting both floral and bulbous characteristics.